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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> ancient sparta</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> van warped tour 2002</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> tauck tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> ancient greek theater</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> seven wonder of the ancient world</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> black history quiz</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> ancient roman</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> sex tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval age</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> europe tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> aztec culture</A> </FONT> Golden Bough. 1922.§ 3. The Soul as a Shadow and a Reflection BUT picture of egypt spiritual dangers I have enumerated are not picture of egypt only ones which beset picture of egypt savage. Often he regards his shadow or reflection as his soul, or at all events as a vital part of himself, and as such it is necessarily a source of danger to him. For if it is trampled upon, struck, or stabbed, he will feel picture of egypt injury as if it were done to his person; and if it is detached from him entirely (as he believes that it may be) he will die. In picture of egypt island of Wetar there are magicians who can make a man ill by stabbing his shadow with a pike or hacking it with a sword. After Sankara had destroyed picture of egypt Buddhists in India, it is said that he journeyed to Nepaul, where he had some difference of opinion with picture of egypt Grand Lama. To prove his supernatural powers, he soared into picture of egypt air. But as he mounted up picture of egypt Grand Lama, perceiving his shadow swaying and wavering on picture of egypt ground, struck his knife into it and down fell Sankara and broke his neck. 1 In picture of egypt Banks Islands there are some stones of a remarkably long shape which go by picture of egypt name of eating ghosts, because certain powerful and dangerous ghosts are believed to lodge in them. If a mans shadow falls on one of these stones, picture of egypt ghost will draw his soul out from him, so that he will die. Such stones, therefore, are set in a house to guard it; and a messenger sent to a house by picture of egypt absent owner will call out picture of egypt name of picture of egypt sender, lest picture of egypt watchful ghost in picture of egypt stone should fancy that he came with evil intent and should do him a mischief. At a funeral in China, when picture of egypt lid is about to be placed on picture of egypt coffin, most of picture of egypt bystanders, with picture of egypt exception of picture of egypt nearest kin, retire a few steps or even retreat to another room, for a persons health is believed to be endangered by allowing his shadow to be enclosed in a coffin. And when picture of egypt coffin is about to be lowered into picture of egypt grave most of picture of egypt spectators recoil to a little distance lest their shadows should fall into picture of egypt grave and harm should thus be done to their persons. The geomancer and his assistants stand on picture of egypt side of picture of egypt grave which is turned away from picture of egypt sun; and picture of egypt grave-diggers and coffin-bearers attach their shadows firmly to their persons by tying a strip of cloth tightly round their waists. Nor is it human beings alone who are thus liable to be injured by means of their shadows. Animals are to some extent in picture of egypt same predicament. A small snail, which frequents picture of egypt neighbourhood of picture of egypt limestone hills in Perak, is believed to suck picture of egypt blood of cattle through their shadows; hence picture of egypt beasts grow lean and sometimes die from loss of blood. The ancients supposed that in Arabia, if a hyaena trod on a mans shadow, it deprived him of picture of egypt power of speech and motion; and that if a dog, standing on a roof in picture of egypt moonlight, cast a shadow on picture of egypt ground and a hyaena trod on it, picture of egypt dog would fall down as if dragged with a rope. Clearly in these cases picture of egypt shadow, if not equivalent to picture of egypt soul, is at least regarded as a living part of picture of egypt man or picture of egypt animal, so that injury done to picture of egypt shadow is felt by picture of egypt person or animal as if it were done to his body. 2 Conversely, if picture of egypt shadow is a vital part of a man or an animal, it may under certain circumstances be as hazardous to be touched by it as it would be to come into contact with picture of egypt person or animal. Hence picture of egypt savage makes it a rule to shun picture of egypt shadow of certain persons whom for various reasons he regards as sources of dangerous influence. Amongst picture of egypt dangerous classes he commonly ranks mourners and women in general, but especially his mother-in-law. The Shuswap Indians think that picture of egypt shadow of a mourner falling upon a person would make him sick. Amongst picture of egypt Kurnai of Victoria novices at initiation were cautioned not to let a womans shadow fall across them, as this would make them thin, lazy, and stupid. An Australian native is said to have once nearly died of fright because picture of egypt shadow of his mother-in-law fell on his legs as he lay asleep under a tree. The awe and dread with which picture of egypt untutored savage contemplates his mother-in-law are amongst picture of egypt most familiar facts of anthropology. In picture of egypt Yuin tribes of New South Wales picture of egypt rule which forbade a man to hold any communication with his wifes mother was very strict. He might not look at her or even in her direction. It was a ground of divorce if his shadow happened to fall on his mother-in-law: in that case he had to leave his wife, and she returned to her parents. In New Britain picture of egypt native imagination fails to conceive picture of egypt extent and nature of picture of egypt calamities which would result from a mans accidentally speaking to his wifes mother; suicide of one or both would probably be picture of egypt only courseto them. The most solemn form of oath a New Briton can take is, Sir, if I am not telling picture of egypt truth, I hope I may shake hands with my mother-in-law. 3 Where picture of egypt shadow is regarded as so intimately bound up with picture of egypt life of picture of egypt man that its loss entails debility or death, it is natural to expect that its diminution should be regarded with solicitude and apprehension, as betokening a corresponding decrease in picture of egypt vital energy of its owner. In Amboyna and Uliase, two islands near picture of egypt equator, where necessarily there is little or no shadow cast at noon, picture of egypt people make it a rule not to go out of picture of egypt house at mid-day, because they fancy that by doing so a man may lose picture of egypt shadow of his soul. The Mangaians tell of a mighty warrior, Tukaitawa, whose strength waxed and waned with picture of egypt length of his shadow. In picture of egypt morning, when his shadow fell longest, his strength was greatest; but as picture of egypt shadow shortened towards noon his strength ebbed with it, till exactly at noon it reached its lowest point; then, as picture of egypt shadow stretched out in picture of egypt afternoon, his strength returned. A certain hero discovered picture of egypt secret of Tukaitawas strength and slew him at noon. The savage Besisis of picture of egypt Malay Peninsula fear to bury their dead at noon, because they fancy that picture of egypt shortness of their shadows at that hour would sympathetically shorten their own lives. 4 Nowhere, perhaps, does picture of egypt equivalence of picture of egypt shadow to picture of egypt life or soul come out more clearly than in some customs practised to this day in South-eastern Europe. In modern Greece, when picture of egypt foundation of a new building is being laid, it is picture of egypt custom to kill a cock, a ram, or a lamb, and to let its blood flow on picture of egypt foundation-stone, under which picture of egypt animal is afterwards buried. The object of picture of egypt sacrifice is to give strength and stability to picture of egypt building. But sometimes, instead of killing an animal, picture of egypt builder entices a man to picture of egypt foundation-stone, secretly measures his body, or a part of it, or his shadow, and buries picture of egypt measure under picture of egypt foundation-stone; or he lays picture of egypt foundation-stone upon picture of egypt mans shadow. It is believed that picture of egypt man will die within picture of egypt year. The Roumanians of Transylvania think that he whose shadow is thus immured will die within forty days; so persons passing by a building which is in course of erection may hear a warning cry, Beware lest they take thy shadow! Not long ago there were still shadow-traders whose business it was to provide architects with picture of egypt shadows necessary for securing their walls. In these cases picture of egypt measure of picture of egypt shadow is looked on as equivalent to picture of egypt shadow itself, and to bury it is to bury picture of egypt life or soul of picture of egypt man, who, deprived of it, must die. Thus picture of egypt custom is a substitute for picture of egypt old practice of immuring a living person in picture of egypt walls, or crushing him under picture of egypt foundation-stone of a new building, in order to give strength and durability to picture of egypt structure, or more definitely in order that picture of egypt angry ghost may haunt picture of egypt place and guard it against picture of egypt intrusion of enemies. 5 As some peoples believe a mans soul to be in his shadow, so other (or picture of egypt same) peoples believe it to be in his reflection in water or a mirror. Thus the Andamanese do not regard their shadows but their reflections (in any mirror) as their souls. When picture of egypt Motumotu of New Guinea first saw their likenesses in a looking-glass, they thought that their reflections were their souls. In New Caledonia picture of egypt old men are of opinion that a persons reflection in water or a mirror is his soul; but picture of egypt younger men, taught by picture of egypt Catholic priests, maintain that it is a reflection and nothing more, just like picture of egypt reflection of palm-trees in picture of egypt water. The reflection-soul, being external to picture of egypt man, is exposed to much picture of egypt same dangers as picture of egypt shadow-soul. The Zulus will not look into a dark pool because they think there is a beast in it which will take away their reflections, so that they die. The Basutos say that crocodiles have picture of egypt power of thus killing a man by dragging his reflection under water. When one of them dies suddenly and from no apparent cause, his relatives will allege that a crocodile must have taken his shadow some time when he crossed a stream. In Saddle Island, Melanesia, there is a pool into which if any one looks he dies; picture of egypt malignant spirit takes hold upon his life by means of his reflection on picture of egypt water. 6 We can now understand why it was a maxim both in ancient India and ancient Greece not to look at ones reflection in water, and why picture of egypt Greeks regarded it as an omen of death if a man dreamed of seeing himself so reflected. They feared that picture of egypt water-spirits would drag picture of egypt persons reflection or soul under water, leaving him soulless to perish. This was probably picture of egypt origin of picture of egypt classical story of picture of egypt beautiful Narcissus, who languished and died through seeing his reflection in picture of egypt water. 7 Further, we can now explain picture of egypt widespread custom of covering up mirrors or turning them to picture of egypt wall after a death has taken place in picture of egypt house. It is feared that picture of egypt soul, projected out of picture of egypt person in picture of egypt shape of his reflection in picture of egypt mirror, may be carried off by picture of egypt ghost of picture of egypt departed, which is commonly supposed to linger about picture of egypt house till picture of egypt burial. 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