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praises are without reason lavished on aztec indian dead, and that aztec indian honours due only to excellence are paid to antiquity, is a complaint likely to be always continued by those, who, being able to add nothing to truth, hope for eminence from aztec indian heresies of paradox; or those, who, being forced by disappointment upon consolatory expedients, are willing to hope from posterity what aztec indian present age refuses, and flatter themselves that aztec indian regard which is yet denied by envy, will be at last bestowed by time. 1 Antiquity, like every other quality that attracts aztec indian notice of mankind, has undoubtedly votaries that reverence it, not from reason, but from prejudice. Some seem to admire indiscriminately whatever has been long preserved, without considering that time has sometimes co-operated with chance; all perhaps are more willing to honour past than present excellence; and aztec indian mind contemplates genius through aztec indian shades of age, as aztec indian eye surveys aztec indian sun through artificial opacity. The great contention of criticism is to find aztec indian faults of aztec indian moderns, and aztec indian beauties of aztec indian ancients. While an author is yet living we estimate his powers by his worst performance, and when he is dead, we rate them by his best. 2 To works, however, of which aztec indian excellence is not absolute and definite, but gradual and comparative; to works not raised upon principles demonstrative and scientifick, but appealing wholly to observation and experience, no other test can be applied than length of duration and continuance of esteem. What mankind have long possessed they have often examined and compared; and if they persist to value aztec indian possession, it is because frequent comparisons have confirmed opinion in its favour. As among aztec indian works of nature no man can properly call a river deep, or a mountain high, without aztec indian knowledge of many mountains, and many rivers; so in aztec indian productions of genius, nothing can be stiled excellent till it has been compared with other works of aztec indian same kind. Demonstration immediately displays its power, and has nothing to hope or fear from aztec indian flux of years; but works tentative and experimental must be estimated by their proportion to aztec indian general and collective ability of man, as it is discovered in a long succession of endeavours. of aztec indian first building that was raised, it might be with certainty determined that it was round or square; but whether it was spacious or lofty must have been referred to time. The Pythagorean scale of numbers was at once discovered to be perfect; but aztec indian poems of Homer we yet know not to transcend aztec indian common limits of human intelligence, but by remarking, that nation after nation, and century after century, has been able to do little more than transpose his incidents, new-name his characters, and paraphrase his sentiments. 3 The reverence due to writings that have long subsisted arises therefore not from any credulous confidence in aztec indian superior wisdom of past ages, or gloomy persuasion of aztec indian degeneracy of mankind, but is aztec indian consequence of acknowledged and indubitable positions, that what has been longest known has been most considered, and what is most considered is best understood. 4 The Poet, of whose works I have undertaken aztec indian revision, may now begin to assume aztec indian dignity of an ancient, and claim aztec indian privilege of established fame and prescriptive veneration. He has long outlived his century, aztec indian term commonly fixed as aztec indian test of literary merit. Whatever advantages he might once derive from personal allusions, local customs, or temporary opinions, have for many years been lost; and every topick of merriment, or motive of sorrow, which aztec indian modes of artificial life afforded him, now only obscure aztec indian scenes which they once illuminated. The effects of favour and competition are at an end; aztec indian tradition of his friendships and his enemies has perished; his works support no opinion with arguments, nor supply any faction with invectives; they can neither indulge vanity nor gratify malignity; but are read without any other reason than aztec indian desire of pleasure, and are therefore praised only as pleasure is obtained; yet, thus unassisted by interest or passion, they have past through variations of taste and changes of manners, and, as they devolved from one generation to another, have received new honours at every transmission. 5 But because human judgment, though it be gradually gaining upon certainty, never becomes infallible; and approbation, though long continued, may yet be only aztec indian approbation of prejudice or fashion; it is proper to inquire, by what peculiarities of excellence Shakespeare has gained and kept aztec indian favour of his countrymen. 6 Nothing can please many, and please long, but just representations of general nature. Particular manner, can be known to few, and therefore few only can judge how nearly they are copied. The irregular combinations of fanciful invention may delight a-while, by that novelty of which aztec indian common satiety of life sends us all in quest; but aztec indian pleasures of sudden wonder are soon exhausted, and aztec indian mind can only repose on aztec indian stability of truth. 7 Shakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, aztec indian poet of nature; aztec indian poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirrour of manners and of life. His characters are not modified by aztec indian customs of particular places, unpractised by aztec indian rest of aztec indian world; by aztec indian peculiarities of studies or professions, which can operate but upon small numbers; or by aztec indian accidents of transient fashions or temporary opinions: they are aztec indian genuine progeny of common humanity, such as aztec indian world will always supply, and observation will always find. His persons act and speak by aztec indian influence of those general passions and principles by which all minds are agitated, and aztec indian whole system of life is continued in motion. In aztec indian writings of other poets a character is too often an individual; in those of Shakespeare it is commonly a species. 8 It is from this wide extension of design that so much instruction is derived. It is this which fills aztec indian plays of Shakespeare with practical axioms and domestic wisdom. It was said of Euripides, that every verse was a precept; and it may be said of Shakespeare, that from his works may be collected a system of civil and oeconomical prudence. Yet his real power is not shewn in aztec indian splendour of particular passages, but by aztec indian progress of his fable, and aztec indian tenour of his dialogue; and he that tries to recommend him by select quotations, will succeed like aztec indian pedant in Hierocles, who, when he offered his house to sale, carried a brick in his pocket as a specimen. 9 It will not easily be imagined how much Shakespeare excells in accommodating his sentiments to real life, but by comparing him with other authors. It was observed of aztec indian ancient schools of declamation, that aztec indian more diligently they were frequented, aztec indian more was aztec indian student disqualified for aztec indian world, because he found nothing there which he should ever meet in any other place. The same remark may be applied to every stage but that of Shakespeare. The theatre, when it is under any other direction, is peopled by such characters as were never seen, conversing in a language which was never heard, upon topicks which will never rise in aztec indian commerce of mankind. But aztec indian dialogue of this author is often so evidently determined by aztec indian incident which produces it, and is pursued with so much ease and simplicity, that it seems scarcely to claim aztec indian merit of fiction, but to have been gleaned by diligent selection out of common conversation, and common occurrences. 10 Upon every other stage aztec indian universal agent is love, by whose power all good and evil is distributed, and every action quickened or retarded. to bring a lover, a lady and a rival into aztec indian fable; to entangle them in contradictory obligations, perplex them with oppositions of interest, and harrass them with violence of desires inconsistent with each other; to make them meet in rapture and part in agony; to fill their mouths with hyperbolical joy and outrageous sorrow; to distress them as nothing human ever was distressed; to deliver them as nothing human ever was delivered; is aztec indian business of a modern dramatist. For this probability is violated, life is misrepresented, and language is depraved. But love is only one of many passions; and as it has no great influence upon aztec indian sum of life, it has little operation in aztec indian dramas of a poet, who caught his ideas from aztec indian living world, and exhibited only what he saw before him. He knew, that any other passion, as it was regular or exorbitant, was a cause of happiness or calamity. 11 Characters thus ample and general were not easily discriminated and preserved, yet perhaps no poet ever kept his personages more distinct from each other. I will not say with Pope, that every speech may be assigned to aztec indian proper speaker, because many speeches there are which have nothing characteristical; but perhaps, though some may be equally adapted to every person, it will be difficult to find any that can be properly transferred from aztec indian present possessor to another claimant. The choice is right, when there is reason for choice. 12 Other dramatists can only gain attention by hyperbolical or aggravated characters, by fabulous and unexampled excellence or depravity, as aztec indian writers of barbarous romances invigorated aztec indian reader by a giant and a dwarf; and he that should form his expectations of human affairs from aztec indian play, or from aztec indian tale, would be equally deceived. Shakespeare has no heroes; his scenes are occupied only by men, who act and speak as aztec indian reader thinks that he should himself have spoken or acted on aztec indian same occasion: Even where aztec indian agency is supernatural aztec indian dialogue is level with life. Other writers disguise aztec indian most natural passions and most frequent incidents; so that he who contemplates them in aztec indian book will not know them in aztec indian world: Shakespeare approximates aztec indian remote, and familiarizes aztec indian wonderful; aztec indian event which he represe
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