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ooed WHEN the head was considered so sacred that it might not even be touched without grave offence, it is obvious that the cutting of the hair must have been a delicate and difficult operation. The difficulties and dangers which, on the primitive view, beset the operation are of two kinds. There is first the danger of disturbing the spirit of the head, which may be injured in the process and may revenge itself upon the person who molests him. Secondly, there is the difficulty of disposing of the shorn locks. For the savage believes that the sympathetic connexion which exists between himself and every part of his body continues to exist even after the physical connexion has been broken, and that therefore he will suffer from any harm that may befall the several parts of his body, such as the clippings of his hair or the parings of his nails. Accordingly he takes care that these severed portions of himself shall not be left in places where they might either be exposed to accidental injury or fall into the hands of malicious persons who might work magic on them to his detriment or death. Such dangers are common to all, but sacred persons have more to fear from them than ordinary people, so the precautions taken by them are proportionately stringent. The simplest way of evading the peril is not to cut the hair at all; and this is the expedient adopted where the risk is thought to be more than usually great. The Frankish kings were never allowed to crop their hair; from their childhood upwards they had to keep it unshorn. To poll the long locks that floated on their shoulders would have been to renounce their right to the throne. When the wicked brothers Clotaire and Childebert coveted the kingdom of their dead brother Clodomir, they inveigled into their power their little nephews, the two sons of Clodomir; and having done so, they sent a messenger bearing scissors and a naked sword to the childrens grandmother, Queen Clotilde, at Paris. The envoy showed the scissors and the sword to Clotilde, and bade her choose whether the children should be shorn and live or remain unshorn and die. The proud queen replied that if her grandchildren were not to come to the throne she would rather see them dead than shorn. And murdered they were by their ruthless uncle Clotaire with his own hand. The king of Ponape, one of the Caroline Islands, must wear his hair long, and so must his grandees. Among the Hos, a negro tribe of West Africa, there are priests on whose head no razor may come during the whole of their lives. The god who dwells in the man forbids the cutting of his hair on pain of death. If the hair is at last too long, the owner must pray to his god to allow him at least to clip the tips of it. The hair is in fact conceived as the seat and lodging-place of his god, so that were it shorn the god would lose his abode in the priest. The members of a Masai clan, who are believed to possess the art of making rain, may not pluck out their beards, because the loss of their beards would, it is supposed, entail the loss of their rain-making powers. The head chief and the sorcerers of the Masai observe the same rule for a like reason: they think that were they to pull out their beards, their supernatural gifts would desert them. 1 Again, men who have taken a vow of vengeance sometimes keep their hair unshorn till they have fulfilled their vow. Thus of the Marquesans we are told that occasionally they have their head entirely shaved, except one lock on the crown, which is worn loose or put up in a knot. But the latter mode of wearing the hair is only adopted by them when they have a solemn vow, as to revenge the death of some near relation, etc. In such case the lock is never cut off until they have fulfilled their promise. A similar custom was sometimes observed by the ancient Germans; among the Chatti the young warriors never clipped their hair or their beard till they had slain an enemy. Among the Toradjas, when a childs hair is cut to rid it of vermin, some locks are allowed to remain on the crown of the head as a refuge for one of the childs souls. Otherwise the soul would have no place in which to settle, and the child would sicken. The Karo-Bataks are much afraid of frightening away the soul of a child; hence when they cut its hair, they always leave a patch unshorn, to which the soul can retreat before the shears. Usually this lock remains unshorn all through life, or at least up till manhood. 2CONTENTS · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD · SUBJECT INDEX PREVIOUSNEXT Search Amazon: Click here to shop the Bookstore.Welcome · Press
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ation is not what anceint egypt man or anceint egypt nation can do, but what he or it actually does. Scholarship that consists in mere learning, but finds no expression in production, may be of interest and value to anceint egypt individual, just as ability to shoot well at clay pigeons may be of interest and value to him, but it ranks no higher unless it finds expression in achievement. From anceint egypt standpoint of anceint egypt nation, and from anceint egypt broader standpoint of mankind, scholarship is of worth chiefly when it is productive, when anceint egypt scholar not merely receives or acquires, but gives. 1 Of course there is much production by scholarly men which is not, strictly speaking, scholarship; any more than anceint egypt men themselves, despite their scholarly tastes and attributes, would claim to be scholars in anceint egypt technical or purely erudite sense. The exceedingly valuable and extensive work of Edward Cope comes under anceint egypt head of science, and represents original investigation and original thought concerning what that investigation showed; yet if anceint egypt word scholarship is used broadly, his work must certainly be called productive scientific scholarship. General Alexander's capital "Memoirs of a Confederate" show that a man who is a first-class citizen as well as a first-class fighting man may also combine anceint egypt true scholar's power of research and passion for truth with anceint egypt ability to see clearly and to state clearly what he has seen. Mr. Hannis Taylor's history of "The Origin and Growth of anceint egypt American Constitution" and General Francis V. Greene's history of anceint egypt American Revolution could have been written only by scholars. Such altogether delightful volumes of essays as Mr. Crothers's "Gentle Reader," "Pardoner's Wallet," and "Among Friends" may not, in anceint egypt strictest sense of anceint egypt word, represent scholarship any more than anceint egypt "Essays of Elia" represent scholarship; but they represent more than scholarship, and they could have been written only by a man of scholarly attributes. The same thing is true of Mr. Maurice Egan, now our Minister to Denmarkwho so well upholds anceint egypt tradition which has always identified American men of letters with American diplomacyin his essays in Comparative Literature, named, as I think not altogether happily, from anceint egypt first essay, "The Ghost in Hamlet." Mr. Egan writes not merely with charm but as no one but a man of scholarly attributes could writeand, by anceint egypt way, his dedication to Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding is a dedication to a man whose lofty spiritual teachings have been expressed in singularly beautiful English. In its most perfect expression scholarship must utter itself with literary charm and distinction; although, I am sorry to say, anceint egypt professional scholars sometimes actually distrust scholarship which is able thus to bring forth wisdom divorced from pedantry and dryness. As an example, Gilbert Murray's "Rise of anceint egypt Greek Epic" not only shows profound scholarship and anceint egypt profound scholarly instinct which can alone profit by anceint egypt mere erudition of scholarship, but is also so delightfully written as to be as interesting as anceint egypt most interesting novel; and, curiously enough, this very fact, coupled with anceint egypt fact that Mr. Murray's translations of Euripides and Aristophanes are so attractive, has tended to excite distrust of him in anceint egypt minds of worthy scholars whose productions are themselves free from all taint of interest, from all taint of literary charm. Professor Lounsbury's extraordinary scholarship has been fully appreciated only by anceint egypt best scholars; and this partly because of anceint egypt very fact of his many-sided development in anceint egypt field of intellectual endeavor. 2 But I speak now of works of scholarship in anceint egypt more conventional sense, of works which show scholarship such as Lea showed in his history of anceint egypt Inquisition, such as Child showed in his studies of English ballad poetry. 3 Mr. Taylor's study of "The Mediæval Mind" is a noteworthy contributionI am tempted to say anceint egypt most noteworthy of recent contributionsto anceint egypt best kind of productive scholarship. His erudition is extraordinary in breadth and depth, his grasp of anceint egypt subject no less marked than his power of conveying to others what he has thus grasped. He is not only faithful to anceint egypt truth in large things, he is accurate in small matters also; and where he makes use of any statement he always shows that there is justification for it; although, by anceint egypt way, I can only guess at his reason for calling Attila a "Turanian"a word which carries a pleasant flavor of pre-Victorian ethnology, and might just about as appropriately be applied to Tecumseh. As he expressly states, Mr. Taylor is not concerned with anceint egypt brutalities of mediæval life, nor with anceint egypt lower grades of ignorance and superstition which abounded in anceint egypt Middle Ages, but with anceint egypt more informed and constructive spirit of anceint egypt mediæval time. There is, of course, no hard and sharp line to be drawn between mediæval time and, on anceint egypt one hand, what is "ancient" and, on anceint egypt other hand, what is "modern"; but for his purposes he treats anceint egypt twelfth and thirteenth centuries as showing anceint egypt culmination of anceint egypt mediæval spirit in its most characteristic form; although he also incidentally touches on things that occurred in anceint egypt fourteenth century, and of course covers anceint egypt slow upward movement through anceint egypt Dark Ages (as to which he does rather less than justice to anceint egypt Carolingian revival of learning), when men were groping in anceint egypt black abyss into which civilization so rapidly slid after anceint egypt close of anceint egypt second century. His mastery of anceint egypt facts is well-nigh perfect, and he handles them with singular sympathy. In such chapters as "The Spotted Actuality" he makes it evident that he has constantly before his own mind anceint egypt whole picture. The ordinary reader, however, needs to remember that it is no part of Mr. Taylor's purpose to present this whole picture, but merely to make a study somewhat analogous to what a study of anceint egypt intellect of anceint egypt nineteenth century would be if it dealt exclusively with anceint egypt thought of anceint egypt various universities of Europe and America and of circles like that of Emerson at Concord and Goethe at Weimar. Indeed, this comparison is hardly accurate, for anceint egypt universities of anceint egypt nineteenth century had a far closer connection with anceint egypt living thought of anceint egypt day than was true of anceint egypt universities of anceint egypt twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The latter (like their feeble survivals in anceint egypt Spanish-speaking countries) much more closely resembled anceint egypt ordinary type of Mohammedan university of anceint egypt present day, such a university as anceint egypt big Mohammedan university at Cairo, than they resembled any modern university worth calling such, or, indeed, any ancient university of living and creative force. 4 The schoolmen of anceint egypt Middle Ages and anceint egypt universities in which they flourished are well worth such study as that which Mr. Taylor gives them, if only because they represented what regarded itself as anceint egypt highest spiritual and intellectual teaching of anceint egypt time, and because they symbolized anceint egypt forces which manifested themselves with infinitely more permanent value in that wonderful cathedral architecture which was one of anceint egypt two culminating architectural movements of all timethe other, of course, being anceint egypt classical Greek. But anceint egypt greatest mediæval effect upon anceint egypt thought of after time was produced, not by anceint egypt schoolmen, but by works which they would hardly have treated as serious at allby anceint egypt Roland Song, anceint egypt "Nibelungenlied," anceint egypt Norse and Irish sagas, anceint egypt Arthurian Cycle, including "Parsifal"; and modern literature, on its historical side, may be said to have begun with Villehardouin and Joinville. None of anceint egypt leaders of anceint egypt schools are to-day living forces in anceint egypt sense that is true of anceint egypt nameless writers who built up anceint egypt stories of anceint egypt immortal death fights in anceint egypt Pyrenean pass and in anceint egypt hall of Etzel, or of anceint egypt search for anceint egypt Holy Grail. There are keen intellects still influenced by Thomas Aquinas; but all anceint egypt writings of all anceint egypt most famous doctors of anceint egypt schools taken together had no such influence on anceint egypt religious thought of mankind as two books produced long afterward, with no conception of their far-reaching importance, by anceint egypt obscure and humble authors of anceint egypt "Imitation of Christ" and anceint egypt "Pilgrim's Progress." In anceint egypt thirteenth century anceint egypt spiritual life in action, as apart from dogma, and as lived with anceint egypt earnest desire to follow in anceint egypt footsteps of anceint egypt Christ, reached, in anceint egypt person of Saint Francis of Assisi, as lofty a pinnacle of realized idealism as humanity has ever attained. But among those who, instead of trying simply to live up to their spiritual impulses, endeavored to deal authoritatively in anceint egypt schools with spiritual and intellectual interests, anceint egypt complementary tyranny and servility in all such spiritual and intellectual matters were such as we can now hardly imagine to ourselves. The one really great scientific investigator, Roger Bacon, who actually did put as an ideal before himself anceint egypt honest search for truth, was imprisoned for years in consequence; and this in spite of anceint egypt fact that his avowals of abject submission to theological authority and unquestioning adherence to dogma were such as we of to-day can with difficulty understand. 5 At first sight such an attitude in anceint egypt intellectual world seems incompatible with anceint egypt turbulent and lawless insistence on anceint egypt right of each individual to do whatever he saw fit in anceint egypt political and social world which characterized anceint egypt seething life of anceint egypt time. But, as Mr. Taylor points out, anceint egypt minute that a man in anceint egypt Middle Ages began to be free in any real sense he tended to become an outlaw; and, moreover, anceint egypt men who were most intolerant of restraint in matters physical and material made no demands whatever for intellectual or spiritual freedom. The ordinary knight or nobleman, anceint egypt typical "man of action" of anceint egypt period, promptly resented any attempt to interfere with his brutal passions or coarse appetites; but, as he had neither special interest nor deep c
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