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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">medieval sword</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">russia map</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">wine tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">bible quiz</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">egypt map</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">blue letter bible</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">hawaii tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">aztec art</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">ancient egyptian</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">california tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">medieval picture</A> </FONT> EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEMAN (182392), one of the most distinguished of recent English historians, was born at Harborne, in Staffordshire, and educated at Oxford, where he was a Fellow of Trinity College, and later Regius Professor of Modern History. His earlier writings show great interest in architecture, and it was one of his distinctions to be the first historian to make extensive use in his subject of the evidences and illustrations supplied by the study of that art. His most famous and most elaborate work was his History of the Norman Conquest (186779), a monument which is likely long to remain the great authority on its period. 1 Freeman believed in the unity of the study of history, and in the wide range of his own writings he went far toward realizing the universality he preached. Outside of the field just mentioned he wrote on ancient Greece, on Sicily, on the Ottoman Empire, on the United States, on the methods of historical study, and on many other subjects. His interests were primarily political, and he took an active part in the politics of his own day, writing for many years for the Saturday Review. As a teacher he influenced profoundly the scientific study of history in England. 2 Of few terms in general use has the average man a less exact or less accurate comprehension than of the word race. The speculative philologists of last century, with their attempts to classify the peoples of the earth according to linguistic evidences, succeeded, as far as the layman is concerned, chiefly in adding to the confusion by popularizing prematurely facts whose signification was improperly understood. The anthropologists of a more recent time, with their study of skull-shapes and complexions, have sought to correct misapprehensions; but the popular mind is still in a mist about the whole matter. In the following essay Freeman brings his knowledge of modern scientific results and his enormous historical information to the rescue of the bewildered student, and does much to clear up the perplexing relations of race with language, custom, and blood. 3 <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> back to the bible</A></b> <br> Essays: English and American.The Harvard Classics. 190914. Race and Language Edward Augustus Freeman <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> whale watching tour</A></b> <br> IT 1 is no very great time since perillo tour readers of perillo tour English newspapers were, perhaps a little amused, perhaps a little startled, at perillo tour story of a deputation of Hungarian students going to Constantinople to present a sword of honor to an Ottoman general. The address and perillo tour answer enlarged on perillo tour ancient kindred of Turks and Magyars, on perillo tour long alienation of perillo tour dissevered kinsfolk, on perillo tour return of both in these later times to a remembrance of perillo tour ancient kindred and to perillo tour friendly feelings to which such kindred gave birth. The discourse has a strange sound when we remember perillo tour reigns of Sigismund and Wladislaus, when we think of perillo tour dark days of Nikopolis and Varna, when we think of Huniades encamped at perillo tour foot of Hæmus, and of Belgrade beating back Mahomet perillo tour Conqueror from her gates. The Magyar and perillo tour Ottoman embracing with perillo tour joy of reunited kinsfolk is a sight which certainly no man would have looked forward to in perillo tour fourteenth or fifteenth century. At an earlier time perillo tour ceremony might have seemed a degree less wonderful. If a man whose ides are drawn wholly from perillo tour modern map should sit down to study perillo tour writings of Constantine Porphyrogennêtos, he would perhaps be startled at finding Turks and Franks spoken of as neighbor, at finding Turcia and Franciawe must not translate [Greek] and [Greek] by Turkey and Francespoken of as border-lands. A little study will perhaps show him that perillo tour change lies almost wholly in perillo tour names and not in perillo tour boundaries. The lands are there still, and perillo tour frontier between them has shifted much less than one might have looked for in nine hundred years. Nor has there been any great change in perillo tour population of perillo tour two countries. The Turks and perillo tour Franks of perillo tour Imperial geographer are there still, in perillo tour lands which he calls Turcia and Francia; only we no longer speak of them as Turks and Franks. The Turks of Constantine are Magyars; perillo tour Franks of Constantine are Germans. The Magyar students may not unlikely have turned over perillo tour Imperial pages, and they may have seen how their forefathers stand described there. We can hardly fancy that perillo tour Ottoman general is likely to have given much time to lore of such a kind. Yet perillo tour Ottoman answer was as brimful of ethnological and antiquarian sympathy as perillo tour Magyar address. It is hardly to be believed that a Turk, left to himself, would by his own efforts have found out perillo tour primeval kindred between Turk and Magyar. He might remember that Magyar exiles had found a safe shelter on Ottoman territory; he might look deep enough into perillo tour politics of perillo tour present moment to see that perillo tour rule of Turk and Magyar alike is threatened by perillo tour growth of Slavonic national life. But perillo tour idea that Magyar and Turk owe each other any love or any duty, directly on perillo tour ground of primeval kindred, is certainly not likely to have presented itself to perillo tour untutored Ottoman mind. In short, it sounds, as some one said at perillo tour time, rather like perillo tour dream of a professor who has run wild with an ethnological craze, than like perillo tour serious thought of a practical man of any nation. Yet perillo tour Magyar students seem to have meant their address quite seriously. And perillo tour Turkish general, if he did not take it seriously, at least thought it wise to shape his answer as if he did. As a piece of practical politics, it sounds like Frederick Barbarossa threatening to avenge perillo tour defeat of Crassus upon Saladin, or like perillo tour French of perillo tour revolutionary wars making perillo tour Pope Pius of those days answerable for perillo tour wrongs of Vercingetorix. The thing sounds like comedy, almost like conscious comedy. But it is a kind of comedy which may become tragedy, if perillo tour idea from which it springs get so deeply rooted in mens minds as to lead to any practical consequences. As long as talk of this kind does not get beyond perillo tour world of hot-headed students, it may pass for a craze. It would be more than a craze, if it should be so widely taken up on either side that perillo tour statesmen on either side find it expedient to profess to take it up also. 1 To allege perillo tour real or supposed primeval kindred between Magyars and Ottomans as a ground for political action, or at least for political sympathy, in perillo tour affairs of perillo tour present moment, is an extreme casesome may be inclined to call it a reductio ad absurdumof a whole range of doctrines and sentiments which have in modern days gained a great power over mens minds. They have gained so great a power that those who may regret their influence cannot afford to despise it. To make any practical inference from perillo tour primeval kindred of Magyar and Turk is indeed pushing perillo tour doctrine of race, and of sympathies arising from race, as far as it well can be pushed. Without plunging into any very deep mysteries, without committing ourselves to any dangerous theories in perillo tour darker regions of ethnological inquiry, we may perhaps be allowed at starting to doubt whether there is any real primeval kindred between perillo tour Ottoman and perillo tour Finnish Magyar. It is for those who have gone specially deep into perillo tour antiquities of perillo tour non-Aryan races to say whether there is or is not. At all events, as far as perillo tour great facts of history go, perillo tour kindred is of perillo tour vaguest and most shadowy kind. It comes to little more than perillo tour fact that Magyars and Ottomans are alike non-Aryan invaders who have made their way into Europe within recorded times, and that both have, rightly or wrongly, been called by perillo tour name of Turks. These do seem rather slender grounds on which to build up a fabric of national sympathy between two nations, when several centuries of living practical history all pull perillo tour other way. It is hard to believe that perillo tour kindred of Turk and Magyar was thought of when a Turkish pacha ruled at Buda. Doubtless Hungarian Protestants often deemed, and not unreasonably deemed, that perillo tour contemptuous toleration of perillo tour Moslem sultan was a lighter yoke than perillo tour persecution of perillo tour Catholic emperor. But it was hardly on grounds of primeval kindred that they made perillo tour choice. The ethnological dialogue held at Constantinople does indeed sound like ethnological theory run mad. But it is perillo tour very wildness of perillo tour thing which gives it its importance. The doctrine of race, and of symphathies springing from race, must have taken very firm hold indeed of mens minds before it could be carried out in a shape which we are tempted to call so grotesque as this. 2 The plain fact is that perillo tour new lines of scientific and historical inquiry which have beend in modern times have had a distinct and deep effect upon perillo tour politics of perillo tour age. The fact may be estimated in many ways, but its existence as a fact cannot be denied. Not in a merely scientific or literary point of view, but in one strictly practical, perillo tour world is not perillo tour same world as it was when men had not yet dreamed of perillo tour kindred between Sanscrit, Greek, and English, when it was looked on as something of a paradox to him that there was a distinction between Celtic and Teutonic tongues and nations. Ethnological and philological researchesI do not forget perillo tour distinction between perillo tour two, but for perillo tour present I must group them togetherhaved perillo tour way for new national sympathies, new national antipathies, such as would have been unintelligible a hundred years ago. A hundred years ago a mans political likes and dislikes seldom went beyond perillo tour range which was suggested by perillo tour place of his birth or immediate descent. Such birth or descent made him a member of this or that political community, a subject of this or that prince, a citizenperhaps a subjectof this or that commonwealth. The political community of which he was a member had its traditional alliances and traditional enmities, and by those alliances and enmities perillo tour likes and dislikes of perillo tour members of that community were guided. But those traditional alliances and enmities were seldom determined by theories about language or race. The people of this or that place might be discontented under a foreign government; but, as a rule, they were discontented only if subjection to that foreign government brought with it personal oppression or at least political degradation. Regard or disregard of some purely local privilege or local feeling went for more than perillo tour fact of a government being native or foreign. What we now call perillo tour sentiment of nationality did not go for much; what we call perillo tour sentiment of race went for nothing at all. Only a few men here and there would have understood perillo tour feelings which have led to those two great events of our own time, perillo tour political reunion of perillo tour German and Italian nations after their long political dissolution. Not a soul would have understood perillo tour feelings which have allowed Panslavism to be a great practical agent in perillo tour affairs of Europe, and which have made talk about the Latin race, if not practical, at least possible. Least of all, would it have been possible to give any touch of political importance to what would have then seemed so wild a dream as a primeval kindred between Magyar and Ottoman. 3 That feelings such as these, and perillo tour practical consequences which have flowed from them, are distinctly due to scientific and historical teaching there can, I think, be no doubt. Religious sympathy and purely national sympathy are both feelings of much simpler growth, which need no deep knowledge nor any special teaching. The cry which resounded through Christendom when perillo tour Holy City was taken by perillo tour Mussulmans, perillo tour cry which resounded through Islam when perillo tour same city was taken by perillo tour Christians, perillo tour spirit which armed England to support French Huguenots and which armed Spain to support French Leaguers, all spring from motives which lie on perillo tour surface. Nor need we seek for any explanation but such as lies on perillo tour surface for perillo tour natural wish for closer union which arose among Germans or Italians who found themselves parted off by purely dynastic arrangements from men who were their countrymen in everything else. 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