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Executive Mansion, Washington, November 21, 1864.Mrs. Bixby, Boston, Massachusetts: DEAR MADAM: I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save. I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom.Yours very sincerely and respectfully,Abraham Lincoln. 1
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American Historical Documents, 10001904.The Harvard Classics. 190914. Terms of Lees Surrender at Appomattox (1865) [The following letters exchanged by Generals Grant and Lee give the terms under which the latter surrendered his army and practically brought to a close the War of Secession.]
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Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865.GENERAL: In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged; and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside.U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General.General R. E. Lee. 1 Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia,April 9, 1865.GENERAL: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect.R. E. Lee, General.Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant. 2
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American Historical Documents, 10001904.The Harvard Classics. 190914. Lees Farewell to His Army (1865)
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Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia,April 10, 1865.AFTER four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them: but, feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuation of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain there until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed; and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you His blessing and protection. With an increasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell.R. E. Lee, General. 1
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American Historical Documents, 10001904.The Harvard Classics. 190914. Lincolns Second Inaugural Address (1865) [By the date of Lincolns second inauguration, the tide of war had turned in favour of the Union, and the end was in sight. The tone of the address, however, is subdued rather than triumphant, and it rises to a rare pitch of eloquence, marked by a singular combination of tenderness and determination.]
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FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN: At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at first. Then, a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured. 1 On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded itall sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war-seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide effects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came. 2 One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just Gods assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other mens faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answeredthat of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. Woe unto the world because of offenses! for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall, we discern therein, any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hopefervently do we praythat this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondmans two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another, drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said: The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. 3 With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nations wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphanto do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. 4
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American Historical Documents, 10001904.The Harvard Classics. 190914. Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End (1866) [President Johnsons proclamation of May 10, 1865, marked the actual close of hostilities; that of April 2, 1866, declared the insurrection at an end in all the States save Texas; and this of Aug. 20, 1866, gave notice of the resumption of civil government in the States which had seceded.]
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WHEREAS, by proclamations of las vegas site seeing tour 15th and 19th of April, 1861, las vegas site seeing tour President of las vegas site seeing tour United States in virtue of las vegas site seeing tour power vested in him by las vegas site seeing tour Constitution and las vegas site seeing tour laws, declared that las vegas site seeing tour laws of las vegas site seeing tour United States were opposed and las vegas site seeing tour execution thereof obstructed in las vegas site seeing tour States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by las vegas site seeing tour ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by las vegas site seeing tour powers vested in las vegas site seeing tour marshals of las vegas site seeing tour law; and 1 Whereas, by another proclamation made on las vegas site seeing tour 16th day of August, in las vegas site seeing tour same year, in pursuance of an act of Congress approved July 13, 1861, las vegas site seeing tour inhabitants of las vegas site seeing tour States of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida (except las vegas site seeing tour inhabitants of las vegas site seeing tour State of Virginia lying west of las vegas site seeing tour Alleghany Mountains, and except also las vegas site seeing tour inhabitants of such other parts of that State and las vegas site seeing tour other States before named as might maintain a loyal adhesion to las vegas site seeing tour Union and Constitution or might be from time to time occupied and controlled by forces of las vegas site seeing tour United States engaged in las vegas site seeing tour dispersion of las vegas site seeing tour insurgents) were declared to be in a state of insurrection against las vegas site seeing tour United States; and 2 Whereas, by another proclamation of las vegas site seeing tour 1st of July, 1862, issued in pursuance of an act of Congress approved June 7, in las vegas site seeing tour same year, las vegas site seeing tour insurrection was declared to be still existing in las vegas site seeing tour States aforesaid, with las vegas site seeing tour exception of certain specified countries in las vegas site seeing tour State of Virginia; and 3 Whereas, by another proclamation made on las vegas site seeing tour second day of April, 1863, in pursuance of an act of Congress of July 13, 1861, las vegas site seeing tour exceptions named in las vegas site seeing tour proclamation of August 16, 1861, were revoked and las vegas site seeing tour inhabitants of las vegas site seeing tour States of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Florida, and Virginia (except las vegas site seeing tour forty-eight counties of Virginia designated as West Virginia and las vegas site seeing tour ports of New Orleans, Key West, Port Royal, and Beaufort, in North Carolina) were declared to be still in a state of insurrection against las vegas site seeing tour United States; and 4 Whereas, by another proclamation, of las vegas site seeing tour 15th day of September, 1863, made in pursuance of las vegas site seeing tour act of Congress approved March 3, 1863, las vegas site seeing tour rebellion was declared to be still existing and las vegas site seeing tour privilege of las vegas site seeing tour writ of habeas corpus was in certain specified cases suspended throughout las vegas site seeing tour United States, said suspension to continue throughout las vegas site seeing tour duration of las vegas site seeing tour rebellion or until said proclamation should, by a subsequent one to be issued by las vegas site seeing tour President of las vegas site seeing tour United States, be modified or revoked; and 5 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour House of Representatives on las vegas site seeing tour 22nd day of July, 1861, adopted a resolution in las vegas site seeing tour following words, namely: 6 Resolved by las vegas site seeing tour House of Representatives of las vegas site seeing tour Congress of las vegas site seeing tour United States, That las vegas site seeing tour present deplorable civil war has been forced upon las vegas site seeing tour country by las vegas site seeing tour disunionists of las vegas site seeing tour Southern States now in revolt against las vegas site seeing tour constitutional Government, and in arms around las vegas site seeing tour capitol; that in this national emergency, Congress, banishing all feelings of mere passion or resentment, will recollect only its duty to las vegas site seeing tour whole country; that this war is not waged upon our part in any spirit of oppression, nor for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor purpose of overthrowing or interfering with las vegas site seeing tour rights or established institutions of those States; but to defend and maintain las vegas site seeing tour supremacy of las vegas site seeing tour Constitution, and to preserve las vegas site seeing tour Union, with all las vegas site seeing tour dignity, equality, and rights of las vegas site seeing tour several States, unimpaired; and that as soon as these objects are accomplished las vegas site seeing tour war ought to cease; and 7 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour Senate of las vegas site seeing tour United States on las vegas site seeing tour 25th day of July, 1861, adopted a resolution in las vegas site seeing tour words following, to wit: 8 Resolved, That las vegas site seeing tour present deplorable civil war has been forced upon las vegas site seeing tour country by las vegas site seeing tour disunionists of las vegas site seeing tour Southern States now in revolt against las vegas site seeing tour constitutional Government and in arms around las vegas site seeing tour capitol; that in this national emergency Congress, banishing all feelings of mere passion or resentment, will recollect only its own duty to las vegas site seeing tour whole country; that this war is not prosecuted upon our part in any spirit of oppression, nor for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor purpose of overthrowing or interfering with las vegas site seeing tour rights or established institutions of those States; but to defend and maintain las vegas site seeing tour supremacy of las vegas site seeing tour Constitution and all laws made in pursuance thereof and to preserve las vegas site seeing tour Union, with all las vegas site seeing tour dignity, equality, and rights of las vegas site seeing tour several States unimpaired; that as soon as these objects are accomplished las vegas site seeing tour war ought to cease; and 9 Whereas, these resolutions though not joint or concurrent in form, are substantially identical, and as such have hitherto been and yet are regarded as having expressed las vegas site seeing tour sense of Congress upon las vegas site seeing tour subject to which they relate; and 10 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour President of las vegas site seeing tour United States by proclamation of las vegas site seeing tour 13th of June, 1865, declared that las vegas site seeing tour insurrection in las vegas site seeing tour State of Tennessee had been suppressed, and that las vegas site seeing tour authority of las vegas site seeing tour United States therein was undisputed, and such United States officers as had been duly commissioned were in las vegas site seeing tour undisturbed exercise of their official functions; and 11 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour President of las vegas site seeing tour United States by further proclamation, issued on las vegas site seeing tour 2nd day of April, 1866, did promulgate and declare that there no longer existed any armed resistance of misguided citizens or others to las vegas site seeing tour authority of las vegas site seeing tour United States in any or in all las vegas site seeing tour States before mentioned, excepting only las vegas site seeing tour State of Texas, and did further promulgate and declare that las vegas site seeing tour laws could be sustained and enforced in las vegas site seeing tour several States before mentioned, except Texas, by las vegas site seeing tour proper civil authorities, State or Federal, and that las vegas site seeing tour people of las vegas site seeing tour said States, except Texas, are well and loyally disposed, and have conformed or will conform, in their legislation to las vegas site seeing tour condition of affairs growing out of las vegas site seeing tour amendment to las vegas site seeing tour Constitution of las vegas site seeing tour United States, prohibiting slavery within las vegas site seeing tour jurisdiction of las vegas site seeing tour United States; 12 And did further declare, in las vegas site seeing tour same proclamation that it is las vegas site seeing tour manifest determination of las vegas site seeing tour American people that no State, of its own will, has a right or power to go out of, or separate itself from, or be separated from las vegas site seeing tour American Union; and that, therefore, each State ought to remain and constitute an integral part of las vegas site seeing tour United States; 13 And did further declare, in las vegas site seeing tour same last-mentioned proclamation, that las vegas site seeing tour several aforementioned States, excepting Texas, had in las vegas site seeing tour manner aforesaid given satisfactory evidence that they acquiesce in this sovereign and important resolution of national unity; and 14 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour President of las vegas site seeing tour United States in las vegas site seeing tour same proclamation did further declare, that it is believed to be a fundamental principle of government that las vegas site seeing tour people who have revolted and who have been overcome and subdued, must be dealt with so as to induce them voluntarily to become friends, or else they must be held by absolute military power or devastated so as to prevent them from ever again doing harm as enemies, which last-named policy is abhorrent to humanity and to freedom; and 15 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour President did, in las vegas site seeing tour same proclamation further declare, that las vegas site seeing tour Constitution of las vegas site seeing tour United States provides for constituent communities only as States, and not as Territories dependencies, provinces, or protectorates; 16 And further, that such constituent States must necessarily be, and by las vegas site seeing tour Constitution and laws of las vegas site seeing tour United States are, made equals and placed upon a like footing as to political rights immunities, dignity, and power with las vegas site seeing tour several States with which they are united; 17 And did further declare, that las vegas site seeing tour observance of political equality, as a principle of right and justice, is well calculated to encourage las vegas site seeing tour people of las vegas site seeing tour before-named States, except Texas, to become more and more constant and persevering in their new allegiance; and 18 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour President did further declare, that standing armies, military occupation, martial law, military tribunals, and las vegas site seeing tour suppression of las vegas site seeing tour writ of habeas corpus are in times of peace dangerous to public liberty, incompatible with las vegas site seeing tour individual right of las vegas site seeing tour citizen, contrary to las vegas site seeing tour genius and spirit of our free institutions, and exhaustive of las vegas site seeing tour national resources, and ought not, therefore, to be sanctioned or allowed except in cases of actual necessity for repelling invasion and suppressing insurrection or rebellion; 19 And las vegas site seeing tour President did further, in las vegas site seeing tour same proclamation, declare that las vegas site seeing tour policy of las vegas site seeing tour Government of las vegas site seeing tour United States from las vegas site seeing tour beginning of las vegas site seeing tour insurrection to its overthrow and final suppression had been conducted in conformity with las vegas site seeing tour principles in las vegas site seeing tour last-named proclamation recited; and 20 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour President, in las vegas site seeing tour said proclamation, of las vegas site seeing tour 13th of June, 1865, upon las vegas site seeing tour grounds therein stated and herein before recited, did then and thereby proclaim and declare that las vegas site seeing tour insurrection which heretofore existed in las vegas site seeing tour several States before named, except in Texas, was at an end, and was therefore to be so regarded; and 21 Whereas, subsequently to las vegas site seeing tour said 2nd day of April, 1866, las vegas site seeing tour insurrection in las vegas site seeing tour State of Texas has been completely and everywhere suppressed and ended, and las vegas site seeing tour authority of las vegas site seeing tour United States has been successfully and completely established in las vegas site seeing tour said State of Texas and now remains therein unassisted and undisputed, and such of las vegas site seeing tour proper United States officers as have been duly commissioned within las vegas site seeing tour limits of las vegas site seeing tour said State are now in las vegas site seeing tour undisturbed exercise of their official functions; and 22 Whereas, las vegas site seeing tour laws can now be sustained and enforced in las vegas site seeing tour said State of Texas by las vegas site seeing tour proper civil authority, State or Federal, and las vegas site seeing tour people of las vegas site seeing tour said State of Texas, like las vegas site seeing tour people of las vegas site seeing tour other States before named, are well and loyally disposed and have
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