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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> egyptian god and goddess</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval architecture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval name</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> jerusalem post magazine</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> alba tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> middle age clothing</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> ancient roman food</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> bible verse search</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> history of egypt</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval shield</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> bible character</A> </FONT> Golden Bough. 1922.§ 2. The Magical Control of Rain OF THE THINGS which entertainment in the middle age public magician sets himself to do for entertainment in the middle age good of entertainment in the middle age tribe, one of entertainment in the middle age chief is to control entertainment in the middle age weather and especially to ensure an adequate fall of rain. Water is an essential of life, and in most countries entertainment in the middle age supply of it depends upon showers. Without rain vegetation withers, animals and men languish and die. Hence in savage communities entertainment in the middle age rain-maker is a very important personage; and often a special class of magicians exists for entertainment in the middle age purpose of regulating entertainment in the middle age heavenly water-supply. The methods by which they attempt to discharge entertainment in the middle age duties of their office are commonly, though not always, based on entertainment in the middle age principle of homoeopathic or imitative magic. If they wish to make rain they simulate it by sprinkling water or mimicking clouds: if their object is to stop rain and cause drought, they avoid water and resort to warmth and fire for entertainment in the middle age sake of drying up entertainment in the middle age too abundant moisture. Such attempts are by no means confined, as entertainment in the middle age cultivated reader might imagine, to entertainment in the middle age naked inhabitants of those sultry lands like Central Australia and some parts of Eastern and Southern Africa, where often for months together entertainment in the middle age pitiless sun beats down out of a blue and cloudless sky on entertainment in the middle age parched and gaping earth. They are, or used to be, common enough among outwardly civilised folk in entertainment in the middle age moister climate of Europe. I will now illustrate them by instances drawn from entertainment in the middle age practice both of public and private magic. 1 Thus, for example, in a village near Dorpat, in Russia, when rain was much wanted, three men used to climb up entertainment in the middle age fir-trees of an old sacred grove. One of them drummed with a hammer on a kettle or small cask to imitate thunder; entertainment in the middle age second knocked two fire-brands together and made entertainment in the middle age sparks fly, to imitate lightning; and entertainment in the middle age third, who was called the rain-maker, had a bunch of twigs with which he sprinkled water from a vessel on all sides. To put an end to drought and bring down rain, women and girls of entertainment in the middle age village of Ploska are wont to go naked by night to entertainment in the middle age boundaries of entertainment in the middle age village and there pour water on entertainment in the middle age ground. In Halmahera, or Gilolo, a large island to entertainment in the middle age west of New Guinea, a wizard makes rain by dipping a branch of a particular kind of tree in water and then scattering entertainment in the middle age moisture from entertainment in the middle age dripping bough over entertainment in the middle age ground. In New Britain entertainment in the middle age rain-maker wraps some leaves of a red and green striped creeper in a banana-leaf, moistens entertainment in the middle age bundle with water, and buries it in entertainment in the middle age ground; then he imitates with his mouth entertainment in the middle age plashing of rain. Amongst entertainment in the middle age Omaha Indians of North America, when entertainment in the middle age corn is withering for want of rain, entertainment in the middle age members of entertainment in the middle age sacred Buffalo Society fill a large vessel with water and dance four times round it. One of them drinks some of entertainment in the middle age water and spirts it into entertainment in the middle age air, making a fine spray in imitation of a mist or drizzling rain. Then he upsets entertainment in the middle age vessel, spilling entertainment in the middle age water on entertainment in the middle age ground; whereupon entertainment in the middle age dancers fall down and drink up entertainment in the middle age water, getting mud all over their faces. Lastly, they squirt entertainment in the middle age water into entertainment in the middle age air, making a fine mist. This saves entertainment in the middle age corn. In spring-time entertainment in the middle age Natchez of North America used to club together to purchase favourable weather for their crops from entertainment in the middle age wizards. If rain was needed, entertainment in the middle age wizards fasted and danced with pipes full of water in their mouths. The pipes were perforated like entertainment in the middle age nozzle of a watering-can, and through entertainment in the middle age holes entertainment in the middle age rain-maker blew entertainment in the middle age water towards that part of entertainment in the middle age sky where entertainment in the middle age clouds hung heaviest. But if fine weather was wanted, he mounted entertainment in the middle age roof of his hut, and with extended arms, blowing with all his might, he beckoned to entertainment in the middle age clouds to pass by. When entertainment in the middle age rains do not come in due season entertainment in the middle age people of Central Angoniland repair to what is called entertainment in the middle age rain-temple. Here they clear away entertainment in the middle age grass, and entertainment in the middle age leader pours beer into a pot which is buried in entertainment in the middle age ground, while he says, Master Chauta, you have hardened your heart towards us, what would you have us do? We must perish indeed. Give your children entertainment in the middle age rains, there is entertainment in the middle age beer we have given you. Then they all partake of entertainment in the middle age beer that is left over, even entertainment in the middle age children being made to sip it. Next they take branches of trees and dance and sing for rain. When they return to entertainment in the middle age village they find a vessel of water set at entertainment in the middle age doorway by an old woman; so they dip their branches in it and wave them aloft, so as to scatter entertainment in the middle age drops. After that entertainment in the middle age rain is sure to come driving up in heavy clouds. In these practices we see a combination of religion with magic; for while entertainment in the middle age scattering of entertainment in the middle age water-drops by means of branches is a purely magical ceremony, entertainment in the middle age prayer for rain and entertainment in the middle age offering of beer are purely religious rites. In entertainment in the middle age Mara tribe of Northern Australia entertainment in the middle age rain-maker goes to a pool and sings over it his magic song. Then he takes some of entertainment in the middle age water in his hands, drinks it, and spits it out in various directions. After that he throws water all over himself, scatters it about, and returns quietly to entertainment in the middle age camp. Rain is supposed to follow. The Arab historian Makrizi describes a method of stopping rain which is said to have been resorted to by a tribe of nomads called Alqamar in Hadramaut. They cut a branch from a certain tree in entertainment in the middle age desert, set it on fire, and then sprinkled entertainment in the middle age burning brand with water. After that entertainment in the middle age vehemence of entertainment in the middle age rain abated, just as entertainment in the middle age water vanished when it fell on entertainment in the middle age glowing brand. Some of entertainment in the middle age Eastern Angamis of Manipur are said to perform a some-what similar ceremony for entertainment in the middle age opposite purpose, in order, namely, to produce rain. The head of entertainment in the middle age village puts a burning brand on entertainment in the middle age grave of a man who has died of burns, and quenches entertainment in the middle age brand with water, while he prays that rain may fall. Here entertainment in the middle age putting out entertainment in the middle age fire with water, which is an imitation of rain, is reinforced by entertainment in the middle age influence of entertainment in the middle age dead man, who, having been burnt to death, will naturally be anxious for entertainment in the middle age descent of rain to cool his scorched body and assuage his pangs. 2 Other people besides entertainment in the middle age Arabs have used fire as a means of stopping rain. Thus entertainment in the middle age Sulka of New Britain heat stones red hot in entertainment in the middle age fire and then put them out in entertainment in the middle age rain, or they throw hot ashes in entertainment in the middle age air. They think that entertainment in the middle age rain will soon cease to fall, for it does not like to be burned by entertainment in the middle age hot stones or ashes. The Telugus send a little girl out naked into entertainment in the middle age rain with a burning piece of wood in her hand, which she has to show to entertainment in the middle age rain. That is supposed to stop entertainment in the middle age downpour. At Port Stevens in New South Wales entertainment in the middle age medicine-men used to drive away rain by throwing fire-sticks into entertainment in the middle age air, while at entertainment in the middle age same time they puffed and shouted. Any man of entertainment in the middle age Anula tribe in Northern Australia can stop rain by simply warming a green stick in entertainment in the middle age fire, and then striking it against entertainment in the middle age wind. 3 In time of severe drought entertainment in the middle age Dieri of Central Australia, loudly lamenting entertainment in the middle age impoverished state of entertainment in the middle age country and their own half-starved condition, call upon entertainment in the middle age spirits of their remote predecessors, whom they call Mura-muras, to grant them power to make a heavy rain-fall. For they believe that entertainment in the middle age clouds are bodies in which rain is generated by their own ceremonies or those of neighbouring tribes, through entertainment in the middle age influence of entertainment in the middle age Mura-muras. The way in which they set about drawing rain from entertainment in the middle age clouds is this. A hole is dug about twelve feet long and eight or ten broad, and over this hole a conical hut of logs and branches is made. Two wizards, supposed to have received a special inspiration from entertainment in the middle age Mura-muras, are bled by an old and influential man with a sharp flint; and entertainment in the middle age blood, drawn from their arms below entertainment in the middle age elbow, is made to flow on entertainment in the middle age other men of entertainment in the middle age tribe, who sit huddled together in entertainment in the middle age hut. At entertainment in the middle age same time entertainment in the middle age two bleeding men throw handfuls of down about, some of which adheres to entertainment in the middle age blood-stained bodies of their comrades, while entertainment in the middle age rest floats in entertainment in the middle age air. The blood is thought to represent entertainment in the middle age rain, and entertainment in the middle age down entertainment in the middle age clouds. During entertainment in the middle age ceremony two large stones are placed in entertainment in the middle age middle of entertainment in the middle age hut; they stand for gathering clouds and presage rain. Then entertainment in the middle age wizards who were bled carry away entertainment in the middle age two stones for about ten or fifteen miles, and place them as high as they can in entertainment in the middle age tallest tree. Meanwhile entertainment in the middle age other men gather gypsum, pound it fine, and throw it into a water-hole. This entertainment in the middle age Mura-muras see, and at once they cause clouds to appear in entertainment in the middle age sky. Lastly, entertainment in the middle age men, young and old, surround entertainment in the middle age hut, and, stooping down, butt at it with their heads, like so many rams. Thus they force their way through it and reappear on entertainment in the middle age other side, repeating entertainment in the middle age process till entertainment in the middle age hut is wrecked. In doing this they are forbidden to use their hands or arms; but when entertainment in the middle age heavy logs alone remain, they are allowed to pull them out with their hands. The piercing of entertainment in the middle age hut with their heads symbolises entertainment in the middle age piercing of entertainment in the middle age clouds; entertainment in the middle age fall of entertainment in the middle age hut, entertainment in the middle age fall of entertainment in the middle age rain. Obviously, too, entertainment in the middle age act of placing high up in trees entertainment in the middle age two stones, which stand for clouds, is a way of making entertainment in the middle age real clouds to mount up in entertainment in the middle age sky. The Dieri also imagine that entertainment in the middle age foreskins taken from lads at circumcision have a great power of producing rain. Hence entertainment in the middle age Great Council of entertainment in the middle age tribe always keeps a small stock of foreskins ready for use. They are carefully concealed, being wrapt up in feathers with entertainment in the middle age fat of entertainment in the middle age wild dog and of entertainment in the middle age carpet snake. A woman may not see such a parceld on any account. When entertainment in the middle age ceremony is over, entertainment in the middle age foreskin is buried, its virtue being exhausted. After entertainment in the middle age rains have fallen, some of entertainment in the middle age tribe always undergo a surgical operation, which consists in cutting entertainment in the middle age skin of their chest and arms with a sharp flint. The wound is then tapped with a flat stick to increase entertainment in the middle age flow of blood, and red ochre is rubbed into it. Raised scars are thus produced. The reason alleged by entertainment in the middle age natives for this practice is that they are pleased with entertainment in the middle age rain, and that there is a connexion between entertainment in the middle age rain and entertainment in the middle age scars. 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