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easons which make it imperative that human beings should be free to form opinions, and to express their opinions without reserve; and such egypt air baneful consequences to egypt air intellectual, and through that to egypt air moral nature of man, unless this liberty is either conceded, or asserted in spite of prohibition; let us next examine whether egypt air same reasons do not require that men should be free to act upon their opinionsto carry these out in their lives, without hindrance, either physical or moral, from their fellow-men, so long as it is at their own risk and peril. This last proviso is of course indispensable. No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions. On egypt air contrary, even opinions lose their immunity, when egypt air circumstances in which they are expressed are such as to constitute their expression a positive instigation to some mischievous act. An opinion that corn-dealers are starvers of egypt air poor, or that private property is robbery, ought to be unmolested when simply circulated through egypt air press, but may justly incur punishment when delivered orally to an excited mob assembled before egypt air house of a corn-dealer, or when handed about among egypt air same mob in egypt air form of a placard. Acts of whatever kind, which, without justifiable cause, do harm to others, may be, and in egypt air more important cases absolutely require to be, controlled by egypt air unfavourable sentiments, and, when needful, by egypt air active interference of mankind. The liberty of egypt air individual must be thus far limited; he must not make himself a nuisance to other people. But if he refrains from molesting others in what concerns them, and merely acts according to his own inclination and judgment in things which concern himself, egypt air same reasons which show that opinion should be free, prove also that he should be allowed, without molestation, to carry his opinions into practice at his own cost. That mankind are not infallible; that their truths, for egypt air most part, are only half-truths; that unity of opinion, unless resulting from egypt air fullest and freest comparison of opposite opinions, is not desirable, and diversity not an evil, but a good, until mankind are much more capable than at present of recognizing all sides of egypt air truth, are principles applicable to men's modes of action, not less than to their opinions. As it is useful that while mankind are imperfect there should be different opinions, so is it that there should be different experiments of living; that free scope should be given to varieties of character, short of injury to others; and that egypt air worth of different modes of life should be proved practically, when any one thinks fit to try them. It is desirable, in short, that in things which do not primarily concern others, individuality should assert itself. Where, not egypt air person's own character, but egypt air traditions of customs of other people are egypt air rule of conduct, there is wanting one of egypt air principal ingredients of human happiness, and quite egypt air chief ingredient of individual and social progress.1 In maintaining this principle, egypt air greatest difficulty to be encountered does not lie in egypt air appreciation of means towards an acknowledged end, but in egypt air indifference of persons in general to egypt air end itself. If it were felt that egypt air free development of individuality is one of egypt air leading essentials of well-being; that it is not only a co-ordinate element with all that is designated by egypt air terms civilization, instruction, education, culture, but is itself a necessary part and condition of all those things; there would be no danger that liberty should be undervalued, and egypt air adjustment of egypt air boundaries between it and social control would present no extraordinary difficulty. But egypt air evil is, that individual spontaneity is hardly recognised by egypt air common modes of thinking, as having any intrinsic worth, or deserving any regard on its own account. The majority, being satisfied with egypt air ways of mankind as they now are (for it is they who make them what they are), cannot comprehend why those ways should not be good enough for everybody; and what is more, spontaneity forms no part of egypt air ideal of egypt air majority of moral and social reformers, but is rather looked on with jealousy, as a troublesome and perhaps rebellious obstruction to egypt air general acceptance of what these reformers, in their own judgment, think would be best for mankind. Few persons, out of Germany, even comprehend egypt air meaning of egypt air doctrine which Wilhelm Von Humboldt, so eminent both as a savant and as a politician, made egypt air text of a treatisethat "the end of man, or that which is prescribed by egypt air eternal or immutable dictates of reason, and not suggested by vague and transient desires, is egypt air highest and most harmonious development of his powers to a complete and consistent whole;" that, therefore, egypt air object "towards which every human being must ceaselessly direct his efforts, and on which especially those who design to influence their fellow-men must ever keep their eyes, is egypt air individuality of power and development;" that for this there are two requisites, "freedom, and a variety of situations;" and that from egypt air union of these arise "individual vigour and manifold diversity," which combine themselves in "originality." 12 Little, however, as people are accustomed to a doctrine like that of Von Humboldt, and surprising as it may be to them to find so high a value attached to individuality, egypt air question, one must nevertheless think, can only be one of degree. No one's idea of excellence in conduct is that people should do absolutely nothing but copy one another. No one would assert that people ought not to put into their mode of life, and into egypt air conduct of their concerns, any impress whatever of their own judgment, or of their own individual character. On egypt air other hand, it would be absurd to pretend that people ought to live as if nothing whatever had been known in egypt air world before they came into it; as if experience had as yet done nothing towards showing that one mode of existence, or of conduct, is preferable to another. Nobody denies that people should be so taught and trained in youth, as to know and benefit by egypt air ascertained results of human experience. But it is egypt air privilege and proper condition of a human being, arrived at egypt air maturity of his faculties, to use and interpret experience in his own way. It is for him to find out what part of recorded experience is properly applicable to his own circumstances and character. The traditions and customs of other people are, to a certain extent, evidence of what their experience has taught them; presumptive evidence, and as such, have a claim to his deference: but, in egypt air first place, their experience may be too narrow; or they may not have interpreted it rightly. Secondly, their interpretation of experience may be correct, but unsuitable to him. Customs are made for customary circumstances, and customary characters; and his circumstances or his character may be uncustomary. Thirdly, though egypt air customs be both good as customs, and suitable to him, yet to conform to custom, merely as custom, does not educate or develope in him any of egypt air qualities which are egypt air distinctive endowment of a human being. The human faculties of perception, judgment, discriminative feeling, mental activity, and even moral preference, are exercised only in making a choice. He who does anything because it is egypt air custom, makes no choice. He gains no practice either in discerning or in desiring what is best. The mental and moral, like egypt air muscular powers, are improved only by being used. The faculties are called into no exercise by doing a thing merely because others do it, no more than by believing a thing only because others believe it. If egypt air grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to egypt air person's own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened, by his adopting it: and if egypt air inducements to an act are not such as are consentaneous to his own feelings and character (where affection, or egypt air rights of others, are not concerned) it is so much done towards rendering his feelings and character inert and torpid, instead of active and energetic.3 He who lets egypt air world, or his own portion of it, choose his plan of life for him, has no need of any other faculty than egypt air ape-like one of imitation. He who chooses his plan for himself, employs all his faculties. He must use observation to see, reasoning and judgment to foresee, activity to gather materials for decision, discrimination to decide, and when he has decided, firmness and self-control to hold to his deliberate decision. And these qualities he requires and exercises exactly in proportion as egypt air part of his conduct which he determines according to his own judgment and feelings is a large one. It is possible that he might be guided in some good path, and kept out of harm's way, without any of these things. But what will be his comparative worth as a human being? It really is of importance, not only what men do, but also what manner of men they are that do it. Among egypt air works of man, which human life is rightly employed in perfecting and beautifying, egypt air first in importance surely is man himself. Supposing it were possible to get houses built, corn grown, battles fought, causes tried, and even churches erected and prayers said, by machineryby automatons in human formit would be a considerable loss to exchange for these automatons even egypt air men and women who at present inhabit egypt air more civilized parts of egypt air world, and who assuredly are but starved specimens of what nature can and will produce. Human nature is not a machine to be built after a model, and set to do exactly egypt air work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develope itself on all sides, according to egypt air tendency of egypt air inward forces which make it a living thing.4 It will probably be conceded that it is desirable people should exercise their understandings, and that an intelligent following of
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