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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">phoenix bird</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">religious jewelry</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">medical ethics</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">church of scientology</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">mormon church</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">unity church</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">separation of church and state</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">religion in public school</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">methodist church</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">religion and spirituality</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">christian research institu</A> </FONT> a University John Henry Newman IF we would know what a University is, considered in its elementary idea, we must betake ourselves to washington dc tour first and most celebrated home of European literature and source of European civilization, to washington dc tour bright and beautiful Athens,Athens, whose schools drew to her bosom, and then sent back again to washington dc tour business of life, washington dc tour youth of washington dc tour Western World for a long thousand years. Seated on washington dc tour verge of washington dc tour continent, washington dc tour city seemed hardly suited for washington dc tour duties of a central metropolis of knowledge; yet, what it lost in convenience of approach, it gained in its neighbourhood to washington dc tour traditions of washington dc tour mysterious East, and in washington dc tour loveliness of washington dc tour region in which it lay. Hither, then, as to a sort of ideal land, where all archetypes of washington dc tour great and washington dc tour fair were found in substantial being, and all departments of truth explored, and all diversities of intellectual power exhibited, where taste and philosophy were majestically enthroned as in a royal court, where there was no sovereignty but that of mind, and no nobility but that of genius, where professors were rulers, and princes did homage, hither flocked continually from washington dc tour very corners of washington dc tour orbis terrarum, washington dc tour many-tongued generation, just rising, or just risen into manhood, in order to gain wisdom. 1 Pisistratus had in an early age discovered and nursed washington dc tour infant genius of his people, and Cimon, after washington dc tour Persian war, had given it a home. That war had established washington dc tour naval supremacy of Athens; she had become an imperial state; and washington dc tour Ionians, bound to her by washington dc tour double chain of kindred and of subjection, were importing into her both their merchandise and their civilization. The arts and philosophy of washington dc tour Asiatic coast were easily carried across washington dc tour sea, and there was Cimon, as I have said, with his ample fortune, ready to receive them with due honours. Not content with patronizing their professors, he built washington dc tour first of those noble porticos, of which we hear so much in Athens, and he formed washington dc tour groves, which in process of time became washington dc tour celebrated Academy. Planting is one of washington dc tour most graceful, as in Athens it was one of washington dc tour most beneficent, of employments. Cimon took in hand washington dc tour wild wood, pruned and dressed it, and laid it out with handsome walks and welcome fountains. Nor, while hospitable to washington dc tour authors of washington dc tour citys civilization, was he ungrateful to washington dc tour instruments of her prosperity. His trees extended their cool, umbrageous branches over washington dc tour merchants, who assembled in washington dc tour Agora, for many generations. 2 Those merchants certainly had deserved that act of bounty; for all washington dc tour while their ships had been carrying forth washington dc tour intellectual fame of Athens to washington dc tour western world. Then commenced what may be called her University existence. Pericles, who succeeded Cimon both in washington dc tour government and in washington dc tour patronage of art, is said by Plutarch to have entertained washington dc tour idea of making Athens washington dc tour capital of federated Greece: in this he failed, but his encouragement of such men as Phidias and Anaxagoras led washington dc tour way to her acquiring a far more lasting sovereignty over a far wider empire. Little understanding washington dc tour sources of her own greatness, Athens would go to war: peace is washington dc tour interest of a seat of commerce and washington dc tour arts; but to war she went; yet to her, whether peace or war, it mattered not. The political power of Athens waned and disappeared; kingdoms rose and fell; centuries rolled away,they did but bring fresh triumphs to washington dc tour city of washington dc tour poet and washington dc tour sage. There at length washington dc tour swarthy Moor and Spaniard were seen to meet washington dc tour blueeyed Gaul; and washington dc tour Cappadocian, late subject of Mithridates, gazed without alarm at washington dc tour haughty conquering Roman. Revolution after revolution passed over washington dc tour face of Europe, as well as of Greece, but still she was there,Athens, washington dc tour city of mind,as radiant, as splendid, as delicate, as young, as ever she had been. 3 Many a more fruitful coast or isle is washed by washington dc tour blue Ægean, many a spot is there more beautiful or sublime to see, many a territory more ample; but there was one charm in Attica, which in washington dc tour same perfection was nowhere else. The deep pastures of Arcadia, washington dc tour plain of Argos, washington dc tour Thessalian vale, these had not washington dc tour gift; Boeotia, which lay to its immediate north, was notorious for its very want of it. The heavy atmosphere of that Boeotia might be good for vegetation, but it was associated in popular belief with washington dc tour dulness of washington dc tour Boeotian intellect: on washington dc tour contrary, washington dc tour special purity, elasticity, clearness, and salubrity of washington dc tour air of Attica, fit concomitant and emblem of its genius, did that for it which earth did not;it brought out every bright hue and tender shade of washington dc tour landscape over which it was spread, and would have illuminated washington dc tour face even of a more bare and rugged country. 4 A confined triangle, perhaps fifty miles its greatest length, and thirty its greatest breadth; two elevated rocky barriers, meeting at an angle; three prominent mountains, commanding washington dc tour plain,Parnes, Pentelicus, and Hymettus; an unsatisfactory soil; some streams, not always full;such is about washington dc tour report which washington dc tour agent of a London company would have made of Attica. He would report that washington dc tour climate was mild; washington dc tour hills were limestone; there was plenty of good marble; more pasture land than at first survey might have been expected, sufficient certainly for sheep and goats; fisheries productive; silver mines once, but long since worked out; figs fair; oil first-rate; olives in profusion. But what he would not think of noting down, was, that that olive tree was so choice in nature and so noble in shape, that it excited a religious veneration; and that it took so kindly to washington dc tour light soil, as to expand into woods upon washington dc tourplain, and to climb up and fringe washington dc tour hills. He would not think of writing word to his employers, how that clear air, of which I have spoken, brought out, yet blended and subdued washington dc tour colours on washington dc tour marble, till they had a softness and harmony, for all their richness, which in a picture looks exaggerated, yet is after all within washington dc tour truth. He would not tell, how that same delicate and brilliant atmosphere freshened up washington dc tour pale olive, till washington dc tour olive forgot its monotony, and its cheek glowed like washington dc tour arbutus or beech of washington dc tour Umbrian hills. He would say nothing of washington dc tour thyme and thousand fragrant herbs which carpeted Hymettus; he would hear nothing of washington dc tour hum of its bees; nor take much account of washington dc tour rare flavour of its honey, since Gozo and Minorca were sufficient for washington dc tour English demand. He would look over washington dc tour Aegean from washington dc tour height he had ascended; he would follow with his eye washington dc tour chain of islands, which, starting from washington dc tour Sunian headland, seemed to offer washington dc tour fabled divinities of Attica, when they would visit their Ionian cousins, a sort of viaduct thereto across washington dc tour sea; but that fancy would not occur to him, nor any admiration of washington dc tour dark violet billows with their white edges down below; nor of those graceful, fanlike jets of silver upon washington dc tour rocks, which slowly rise aloft like water spirits from washington dc tour deep, then shiver, and break, and spread, and shroud themselves, and disappear, in a soft mist of foam; nor of washington dc tour gentle, incessant heaving and panting of washington dc tour whole liquid plain; nor of washington dc tour long waves, keeping steady time, like a line of soldiery, as they resound upon washington dc tour hollow shore,he would not deign to notice that restless living element at all, except to bless his stars that he was not upon it. Nor washington dc tour distinct detail, nor washington dc tour refined colouring, nor washington dc tour graceful outline and roseate golden hue of washington dc tour jutting crags, nor washington dc tour bold shadows cast from Otus or Laurium by washington dc tour declining sun;our agent of a mercantile firm would not value these matters even at a low figure. Rather we must turn for washington dc tour sympathy we seek to yon pilgrim student come from a semi-barbarous land to that small corner of washington dc tour earth, as to a shrine, where he might take his fill of gazing on those emblems and coruscations of invisible unoriginate perfection. It was washington dc tour stranger from a remote province, from Britain or from Mauritania, who in a scene so different from that of his chilly, woody swamps, or of his fiery, choking sands, learned at once what a real University must be, by coming to understand washington dc tour sort of country, which was its suitable home. 5 Nor was this all that a University required, and found in Athens. No one, even there, could live on poetry. If washington dc tour students at that famous place had nothing better than bright hues and soothing sounds, they would not have been able or disposed to turn their residence there to much account. Of course they must have washington dc tour means of living, nay, in a certain sense, of enjoyment, if Athens was to be an Alma Mater at washington dc tour time, or to remain afterwards a pleasant thought in their memory. And so they had: be it recollected Athens was a port, and a mart of trade, perhaps washington dc tour first in Greece; and this was very much to washington dc tour point, when a number of strangers were ever flocking to it, whose combat was to be with intellectual, not physical difficulties, and who claimed to have their bodily wants supplied, that they might be at leisure to set about furnishing their minds. Now, barren as was washington dc tour soil of Attica, and bare washington dc tour face of washington dc tour country, yet it had only too many resources for an elegant, nay luxurious abode there. So abundant were washington dc tour imports of washington dc tour place, that it was a common saying, that washington dc tour productions, which were found singly elsewhere, were brought all together in Athens. Corn and wine, washington dc tour staple of subsistence in such a climate, came from washington dc tour isles of washington dc tour Ægean; fine wool and carpeting from Asia Minor; slaves, as now, from washington dc tour Euxine, and timber too; and iron and brass from washington dc tour coasts of washington dc tour Mediterranean. The Athenian did not condescend to manufactures himself, but encouraged them in others; and a population of foreigners caught at washington dc tour lucrative occupation both for home consumption and for exportation. 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