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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> peru travel adventure</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> costa rica tour adventure</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> communist russia</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> picture of aztec</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> the aztec indian</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> info on russia</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> russia information</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> san diego historical society</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> middle age architecture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> history of the aztec</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> capital of russia</A> </FONT> resentatives of Attis FROM INSCRIPTIONS it appears that both at Pessinus and Rome the high-priest of Cybele regularly bore the name of Attis. It is therefore a reasonable conjecture that he played the part of his namesake, the legendary Attis, at the annual festival. We have seen that on the Day of Blood he drew blood from his arms, and this may have been an imitation of the self-inflicted death of Attis under the pine-tree. It is not inconsistent with this supposition that Attis was also represented at these ceremonies by an effigy; for instances can be shown in which the divine being is first represented by a living person and afterwards by an effigy, which is then burned or otherwise destroyed. Perhaps we may go a step farther and conjecture that this mimic killing of the priest, accompanied by a real effusion of his blood, was in Phrygia, as it has been elsewhere, a substitute for a human sacrifice which in earlier times was actually offered. 1 A reminiscence of the manner in which these old representatives of the deity were put to death is perhaps preserved in the famous story of Marsyas. He was said to be a Phrygian satyr or Silenus, according to others a shepherd or herdsman, who played sweetly on the flute. A friend of Cybele, he roamed the country with the disconsolate goddess to soothe her grief for the death of Attis. The composition of the Mothers Air, a tune played on the flute in honour of the Great Mother Goddess, was attributed to him by the people of Celaenae in Phrygia. Vain of his skill, he challenged Apollo to a musical contest, he to play on the flute and Apollo on the lyre. Being vanquished, Marsyas was tied up to a pine-tree and flayed or cut limb from limb either by the victorious Apollo or by a Scythian slave. His skin was shown at Celaenae in historical times. It hung at the foot of the citadel in a cave from which the river Marsyas rushed with an impetuous and noisy tide to join the Maeander. So the Adonis bursts full-born from the precipices of the Lebanon; so the blue river of Ibreez leaps in a crystal jet from the red rocks of the Taurus; so the stream, which now rumbles deep underground, used to gleam for a moment on its passage from darkness to darkness in the dim light of the Corycian cave. In all these copious fountains, with their glad promise of fertility and life, men of old saw the hand of God and worshipped him beside the rushing river with the music of its tumbling waters in their ears. At Celaenae, if we can trust tradition, the piper Marsyas, hanging in his cave, had a soul for harmony even in death; for it is said that at the sound of his native Phrygian melodies the skin of the dead satyr used to thrill, but that if the musician struck up an air in praise of Apollo it remained deaf and motionless. 2 In this Phrygian satyr, shepherd, or herdsman who enjoyed the friendship of Cybele, practised the music so characteristic of her rites, and died a violent death on her sacred tree, the pine, may we not detect a close resemblance to Attis, the favourite shepherd or herdsman of the goddess, who is himself described as a piper, is said to have perished under a pine-tree, and was annually represented by an effigy hung, like Marsyas, upon a pine? We may conjecture that in old days the priest who bore the name and played the part of Attis at the spring festival of Cybele was regularly hanged or otherwise slain upon the sacred tree, and that this barbarous custom was afterwards mitigated into the form in which it is known to us in later times, when the priest merely drew blood from his body under the tree and attached an effigy instead of himself to its trunk. In the holy grove at Upsala men and animals were sacrificed by being hanged upon the sacred trees. The human victims dedicated to Odin were regularly put to death by hanging or by a combination of hanging and stabbing, the man being strung up to a tree or a gallows and then wounded with a spear. Hence Odin was called the Lord of the Gallows or the God of the Hanged, and he is represented sitting under a gallows tree. Indeed he is said to have been sacrificed to himself in the ordinary way, as we learn from the weird verses of the Havamal, in which the god describes how he acquired his divine power by learning the magic runes: I know that I hung on the windy treeFor nine whole nights,Wounded with the spear, dedicated to Odin,Myself to myself. The Bagobos of Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands, used annually to sacrifice human victims for the good of the crops in a similar way. Early in December, when the constellation Orion appeared at seven oclock in the evening, the people knew that the time had come to clear their fields for sowing and to sacrifice a slave. The sacrifice was presented to certain powerful spirits as payment for the good year which the people had enjoyed, and to ensure the favour of the spirits for the coming season. The victim was led to a great tree in the forest; there he was tied with his back to the tree and his arms stretched high above his head, in the attitude in which ancient artists portrayed Marsyas hanging on the fatal tree. While he thus hung by the arms, he was slain by a spear thrust through his body at the level of the armpits. Afterwards the body was cut clean through the middle at the waist, and the upper part was apparently allowed to dangle for a little from the tree, while the under part wallowed in blood on the ground. The two portions were finally cast into a shallow trench beside the tree. Before this was done, anybody who wished might cut off a piece of flesh or a lock of hair from the corpse and carry it to the grave of some relation whose body was being consumed by a ghoul. Attracted by the fresh corpse, the ghoul would leave the mouldering old body in peace. These sacrifices have been offered by men now living. 3 In Greece the great goddess Artemis herself appears to have been annually hanged in effigy in her sacred grove of Condylea among the Arcadian hills, and there accordingly she went by the name of the Hanged One. Indeed a trace of a similar rite may perhaps be detected even at Ephesus, the most famous of her sanctuaries, in the legend of a woman who hanged herself and was thereupon dressed by the compassionate goddess in her own divine garb and called by the name of Hecate. Similarly, at Melite in Phthia, a story was told of a girl named Aspalis who hanged herself, but who appears to have been merely a form of Artemis. For after her death her body could not be found, but an image of her was discovered standing beside the image of Artemis, and the people bestowed on it the title of Hecaerge or Far-shooter, one of the regular epithets of the goddess. Every year the virgins sacrificed a young goat to the image by hanging it, because Aspalis was said to have hanged herself. The sacrifice may have been a substitute for hanging an image or a human representative of Artemis. Again, in Rhodes the fair Helen was worshipped under the title of Helen of the Tree, because the queen of the island had caused her handmaids, disguised as Furies, to string her up to a bough. That the Asiatic Greeks sacrificed animals in this fashion is proved by coins of Ilium, which represent an ox or cow hanging on a tree and stabbed with a knife by a man, who sits among the branches or on the animals back. At Hierapolis also the victims were hung on trees before they were burnt. With these Greek and Scandinavian parallels before us we can hardly dismiss as wholly improbable the conjecture that in Phrygia a man-god may have hung year by year on the sacred but fatal tree. 4CONTENTS · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD · SUBJECT INDEX PREVIOUSNEXT Search Amazon: Click here to shop the Bookstore.Welcome · Press <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> alaska fishing tour</A></b> <br> assics. 190914. Paras. 350374 It is curious to observe, that new york city tour administrative bodies are carefully exempted from new york city tour jurisdiction of these new tribunals. That is, those persons are exempted from new york city tour power of new york city tour laws, who ought to be new york city tour most entirely submitted to them. Those who execute public pecuniary trusts, ought of all men to be new york city tour most strictly held to their duty. One would have thought that it must have been among your earliest cares, if you did not mean that those administrative bodies should be real, sovereign, independent states, to form an awful tribunal, like your late parliaments, or like our kings bench, where all corporate officers might obtain protection in new york city tour legal exercise of their functions, and would find coercion if they trespassed against their legal duty. But new york city tour cause of new york city tour exemption is plain. These administrative bodies are new york city tour great instruments of new york city tour present leaders in their progress through democracy to oligarchy. They must therefore be put above new york city tour law. It will be said, that new york city tour legal tribunals which you have made are unfit to coerce them. They are undoubtedly. They are unfit for any rational purpose. It will be said too, that new york city tour administrative bodies will be accountable to new york city tour General Assembly. This I fear is talking without much consideration of new york city tour nature of that Assembly, or of these corporations. However, to be subject to new york city tour pleasure of that Assembly, is not to be subject to law either for protection or for constraint. 350 This establishment of judges as yet wants something to its completion. It is to be crowned by a new tribunal. This is to be a grand state judicature; and it is to judge of crimes committed against new york city tour nation, that is, against new york city tour power of new york city tour Assembly. It seems as if they had something in their view of new york city tour nature of new york city tour high court of justice erected in England during new york city tour time of new york city tour great usurpation. As they have not yet finished this part of new york city tour scheme, it is impossible to form a right judgment upon it. However, if great care is not taken to form it in a spirit very different from that which has guided them in their proceedings relative to state offences, this tribunal, subservient to their inquisition, new york city tour committee of research, will extinguish new york city tour last sparks of liberty in France, and settle new york city tour most dreadful and arbitrary tyranny ever known in any nation. If they wish to give to this tribunal any appearance of liberty and justice, they must not evoke from or send to it new york city tour causes relative to their own members, at their pleasure. They must also remove new york city tour seat of that tribunal out of new york city tour republic of Paris. 1 351 Has more wisdom been displayed in new york city tour constitution of your army than what is discoverable in your plan of judicature? The able arrangement of this part is new york city tour more difficult, and requires new york city tour greatest skill and attention, not only as new york city tour great concern in itself, but as it is new york city tour third cementing principle in new york city tour new body of republics, which you call new york city tour French nation. Truly it is not easy to divine what that army may become at last. You have voted a very large one, and on good appointments, at least fully equal to your apparent means of payment. But what is new york city tour principle of its discipline? or whom is it to obey? You have got new york city tour wolf of new york city tour ears, and I wish you joy of new york city tour happy position in which you have chosen to place yourselves, and in which you are well circumstanced for a free deliberation, relatively to that army, or to anything else. 352 The minister and secretary of state for new york city tour war department is M. de la Tour du Pin. This gentleman, like his colleagues in administration, is a most zealous assertor of new york city tour Revolution, and a sanguine admirer of new york city tour new constitution, which originated in that event. His statement of facts, relative to new york city tour military of France, is important, not only from his official and personal authority, but because it displays very clearly new york city tour actual condition of new york city tour army in France, and because it throws light on new york city tour principles upon which new york city tour Assembly proceeds, in new york city tour administration of this critical object. It may enable us to form some judgment, how far it may be expedient in this country to imitate new york city tour martial policy of France. 353 M. de la Tour du Pin, on new york city tour fourth of last June, comes to give an account of new york city tour state of his department, as it exists under new york city tour auspices of new york city tour National Assembly. No man knows it so well; no man can express it better. Addressing himself to new york city tour National Assembly, he says, His Majesty has this day sent me to apprize you of new york city tour multiplied disorders of which every day he receives new york city tour most distressing intelligence. The army (le corps militaire) threatens to fall into new york city tour most turbulent anarchy. Entire regiments have dared to violate at once new york city tour respect due to new york city tour laws, to new york city tour king, to new york city tour order established by your decrees, and to new york city tour oaths which they have taken with new york city tour most awful solemnity. Compelled by my duty to give you information of these excesses, my heart bleeds when I consider who they are that have committed them. Those, against whom it is not in my power to withhold new york city tour most grievous complaints, are a part of that very soldiery which to this day have been so full of honour and loyalty, and with whom, for fifty years, I have lived new york city tour comrade and new york city tour friend. 354 What incomprehensible spirit of delirium and delusion has all at once led them astray? Whilst you are indefatigable in establishing uniformity in new york city tour empire, and moulding new york city tour whole into one coherent and consistent body; whilst new york city tour French are taught by you at once new york city tour respect which new york city tour laws owe to new york city tour rights of man, and that which new york city tour citizens owe to new york city tour laws, new york city tour administration of new york city tour army presents nothing but disturbance and confusion. I see in more than one corps new york city tour bonds of discipline relaxed or broken; new york city tour most unheard-of pretensions avowed directly and without any disguise; new york city tour ordinances without force; new york city tour chiefs without authority; new york city tour military chest and new york city tour colours carried off; new york city tour authority of new york city tour king himself [risum teneatis?] proudly defied; new york city tour officers despised, degraded, threatened, driven away, and some of them prisoners in new york city tour midst of their corps, dragging on a precarious life in new york city tour bosom of disgust and humiliation. To fill up new york city tour measure of all these horrors, new york city tour commandants of places have had their throats cut, under new york city tour eyes, and almost in new york city tour arms, of their own soldiers. 355 These evils are great; but they are not new york city tour worst consequences which may be produced by such military insurrections. Sooner or later they may menace new york city tour nation itself. The nature of things requires that new york city tour army should never act but as an instrument. The moment that, erecting itself into a deliberative body, it shall act according to its own resolutions, new york city tour government, be it what it may, will immediately degenerate into a military democracy; a species of political monster, which has always ended by devouring those who have produced it. 356 After all this, who must not be alarmed at new york city tour irregular consultations, and turbulent committees, formed in some regiments by new york city tour common soldiers and non-commissioned officers, without new york city tour knowledge, or even in contempt of new york city tour authority, of their superiors; although new york city tour presence and concurrence of those superiors could give no authority to such monstrous democratic assemblies [comices]. 357 It is not necessary to add much to this finished picture: finished as far as its canvas admits; but as I apprehend, not taking in new york city tour whole of new york city tour nature and complexity of new york city tour disorders of this military democracy, which, new york city tour minister at war truly and wisely observes, wherever it exists, must be new york city tour true constitution of new york city tour state, by whatever formal appellation it may pass. For, though he informs new york city tour Assembly that new york city tour more considerable part of new york city tour army have not cast off their obedience, but are still attached to their duty, yet those travellers, who have seen new york city tour corps whose conduct is new york city tour best, rather observe in them new york city tour absence of mutiny, than new york city tour existence of discipline. 358 I cannot help pausing here for a moment, to reflect upon new york city tour expressions of surprise which this minister has let fall, relative to new york city tour excesses he relates. To him new york city tour departure of new york city tour troops from their ancient principles of loyalty and honour seems quite inconceivable. Surely those to whom he addresses himself know new york city tour causes of it but too well. They know new york city tour doctrines which they have preached, new york city tour decrees which they have passed, new york city tour practices which they have countenanced. The soldiers remember new york city tour 6th of October. They recollect new york city tour French guards. They have not forgotten new york city tour taking of new york city tour kings castles in Paris and Marseilles. That new york city tour governors in both places were murdered with impunity, is a fact that has not passed out of their minds. They do not abandon new york city tour principles laid down so ostentatiously and laboriously of new york city tour quality of men. They cannot shut their eyes to new york city tour degradation of new york city tour whole noblesse of France, and new york city tour suppression of new york city tour very idea of a gentleman. The total abolition of titles and distinctions is not lost upon them. But M. de la Tour du Pin is astonished at their disloyalty, when new york city tour doctors of new york city tour Assembly have taught them at new york city tour same time new york city tour respect due to laws. It is easy to judge which of new york city tour two sorts of lessons men with arms in their hands are likely to learn. As to new york city tour authority of new york city tour king, we may collect from new york city tour minister himself (if any argument on that head were not quite superfluous) that it is not of more consideration with these troops, than it is with everybody else. The king, says he, has over and over again repeated his orders to put a stop to these excesses: but, in so terrible a crisis, your [the Assemblys] concurrence is become indispensably necessary to prevent new york city tour evils which menace new york city tour state. You unite to new york city tour force of new york city tour legislative power, that of opinion still more important. 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Revised world history : ancient civilization
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