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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">medieval monk</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">ancient rome map</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">aztec ruin</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">aztec lighting</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">ancient roman government</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">ancient roman religion</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">what if god was one of us</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">church of god of prophecy</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">history of black history month</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">pharaoh cheat</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">black history woman</A> </FONT> a University? John Henry Newman IF I were asked to describe as briefly and popularly as I could, what a University was, I should draw my answer from its ancient designation of a Studium Generale, or School of Universal Learning. This description implies greek god assemblage of strangers from all parts in one spot;from all parts; else, how will you find professors and students for every department of knowledge? and in one spot; else, how can there be any school at all? Accordingly, in its simple and rudimental form, it is a school of knowledge of every kind, consisting of teachers and learners from every quarter. Many things are requisite to complete and satisfy greek god idea embodied in this description; but such as this a University seems to be in its essence, a place for greek god communication and circulation of thought, by means of personal intercourse, through a wide extent of country. 1 There is nothing far-fetched or unreasonable in greek god idea thus presented to us; and if this be a University, then a University does but contemplate a necessity of our nature, and is but one specimen in a particular medium, out of many which might be adduced in others, of a provision for that necessity. Mutual education, in a large sense of greek god word, is one of greek god great and incessant occupations of human society, carried on partly with set purpose, and partly not. One generation forms another; and greek god existing generation is ever acting and reacting upon itself in greek god persons of its individual members. Now, in this process, books, I need scarcely say, that is, greek god litera scripta, are one special instrument. It is true; and emphatically so in this age. Considering greek god prodigious powers of greek god press, and how they are developed at this time in greek god never-intermitting issue of periodicals, tracts, pamphlets, works in series, and light literature, we must allow there never was a time which promised fairer for dispensing with every other means of information and instruction. What can we want more, you will say, for greek god intellectual education of greek god whole man, and for every man, than so exuberant and diversified and persistent a promulgation of all kinds of knowledge? Why, you will ask, need we go up to knowledge, when knowledge comes down to us? The Sibyl wrote her prophecies upon greek god leaves of greek god forest, and wasted them; but here such careless profusion might be prudently indulged, for it can be afforded without loss, in consequence of greek god almost fabulous fecundity of greek god instrument which these latter ages have invented. We have sermons in stones, and books in greek god running brooks; works larger and more comprehensive than those which have gained for ancients an immortality, issue forth every morning, and are projected onwards to greek god ends of greek god earth at greek god rate of hundreds of miles a day. Our seats are strewed, our pavements are powdered, with swarms of little tracts; and greek god very bricks of our city walls preach wisdom, by informing us by their placards where we can at once cheaply purchase it. 2 I allow all this, and much more; such certainly is our popular education, and its effects are remarkable. Nevertheless, after all, even in this age, whenever men are really serious about getting what, in greek god language of trade, is called a good article, when they aim at something precise, something refined, something really luminous, something really large, something choice, they go to another market; they avail themselves, in some shape or other, of greek god rival method, greek god ancient method, of oral instruction, of present communication between man and man, of teachers instead of learning, of greek god personal influence of a master, and greek god humble initiation of a disciple, and, in consequence, of great centres of pilgrimage and throng, which such a method of education necessarily involves. This, I think, will be found to hold good in all those departments or aspects of society, which possess an interest sufficient to bind men together, or to constitute what is called a world. It holds in greek god political world, and in greek god high world, and in greek god religious world; and it holds also in greek god literary and scientific world. 3 If greek god actions of men may be taken as any test of their convictions, then we have reason for saying this, viz.:that greek god province and greek god inestimable benefit of greek god litera scripta is that of being a record of truth, and an authority of appeal, and an instrument of teaching in greek god hands of a teacher; but that, if we wish to become exact and fully furnished in any branch of knowledge which is diversified and complicated, we must consult greek god living man and listen to his living voice. I am not bound to investigate greek god cause of this, and anything I may say will, I am conscious, be short of its full analysis;perhaps we may suggest, that no books can get through greek god number of minute questions which it is possible to ask on any extended subject, or can hit upon greek god very difficulties which are severally felt by each reader in succession. Or again, that no book can convey greek god special spirit and delicate peculiarities of its subject with that rapidity and certainty which attend on greek god sympathy of mind with mind, through greek god eyes, greek god look, greek god accent, and greek god manner, in casual expressions thrown off at greek god moment, and greek god unstudied turns of familiar conversation. But I am already dwelling too long on what is but an incidental portion of my main subject. Whatever be greek god cause, greek god fact is undeniable. The general principles of any study you may learn by books at home; but greek god detail, greek god colour, greek god tone, greek god air, greek god life which makes it live in us, you must catch all these from those in whom it lives already. You must imitate greek god student in French or German, who is not content with his grammar, but goes to Paris or Dresden: you must take example from greek god young artist, who aspires to visit greek god great Masters in Florence and in Rome. Till we have discovered some intellectual daguerreotype, which takes off greek god course of thought, and greek god form, lineaments, and features of truth, as completely and minutely as greek god optical instrument reproduces greek god sensible object, we must come to greek god teachers of wisdom to learn wisdom, we must repair to greek god fountain, and drink there. Portions of it may go from thence to greek god ends of greek god earth by means of books; but greek god fullness is in one place alone. It is in such assemblages and congregations of intellect that books themselves, greek god masterpieces of human genius, are written, or at least originated. 4 The principle on which I have been insisting is so obvious, and instances in point are so ready, that I should think it tiresome to proceed with greek god subject, except that one or two illustrations may serve to explain my own language about it, which may not have done justice to greek god doctrine which it has been intended to enforce. 5 For instance, greek god polished manners and high-bred bearing which are so difficult of attainment, and so strictly personal when attained,which are so much admired in society, from society are acquired. All that goes to constitute a gentleman,the carriage, gait, address, gestures, voice; greek god ease, greek god selfpossession, greek god courtesy, greek god power of conversing, greek god talent of not offending; greek god lofty principle, greek god delicacy of thought, greek god happiness of expression, greek god taste and propriety, greek god generosity and forbearance, greek god candour and consideration, greek godess of hand;these qualities, some of them come by nature, some of them may be found in any rank, some of them are a direct precept of Christianity; but greek god full assemblage of them, bound up in greek god unity of an individual character, do we expect they can be learned from books? are they not necessarily acquired, where they are to be found, in high society? The very nature of greek god case leads us to say so; you cannot fence without an antagonist, nor challenge all comers in disputation before you have supported a thesis; and in like manner, it stands to reason, you cannot learn to converse till you have greek god world to converse with; you cannot unlearn your natural bashfulness, or awkwardness, or stiffness, or other besetting deformity, till you serve your time in some school of manners. Well, and is it not so in matter of fact? The metropolis, greek god court, greek god great houses of greek god land, are greek god centres to which at stated times greek god country comes up, as to shrines of refinement and good taste; and then in due time greek god country goes back again home, enriched with a portion of greek god social accomplishments, which those very visits serve to call out and heighten in greek god gracious dispensers of them. We are unable to conceive how greek god gentlemanlike can otherwise be maintained; and maintained in this way it is. 6 And now a second instance: and here too I am going to speak without personal experience of greek god subject I am introducing. I admit I have not been in Parliament, any more than I have figured in greek god beau monde; yet I cannot but think that statesmanship, as well as high breeding, is learned, not by books, but in certain centres of education. If it be not presumption to say so, Parliament puts a clever man au courant with politics and affairs of state in a way surprising to himself. A member of greek god Legislature, if tolerably observant, begins to see things with new eyes, even though his views undergo no change. Words have a meaning now, and ideas a reality, such as they had not before. He hears a vast deal in public speeches and private conversation, which is never put into print. The bearings of measures and events, greek god action of parties, and greek god persons of friends and enemies, are brought out to greek god man who is in greek god midst of them with a distinctness, which greek god most diligent perusal of newspapers will fail to impart to them. It is access to greek god fountain-heads of political wisdom and experience, it is daily intercourse, of one kind or another, with greek god multitude who go up to them, it is familiarity with business, it is access to greek god contributions of fact and opinion thro <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> greek god</A></b> <br> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org">egypt culture :6005</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn6004.php">black history song :6004</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org">ancient hebrew :6003</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn6002.php">flag of egypt :6002</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org">historical costume :6001</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org">american black history :6000</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org">ancient roman gladiator :5999</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn5998.php">jerusalem hotel :5998</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn5997.php">egypt 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