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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">bible lesson</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">wine tour california</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">alaska cruise tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">sonoma tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">norse god</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">wine tour sonoma</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">sonoma valley winery tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">historical quote</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">alaska fishing tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">new york city tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">bible history</A> </FONT> rn at Halicarnassus, on the southwest coast of Asia Minor, in the early part of the fifth century, B. C. Of his life we know almost nothing, except that he spent much of it traveling, to collect the material for his writings, and that he finally settled down at Thurii, in southern Italy, where his great work was composed. He died in 424 B. C. 1 The subject of the history of Herodotus is the struggle between the Greeks and the barbarians, which he brings down to the battle of Mycale in 479 B. C. The work, as we have it, is divided into nine books, named after the nine Muses, but this division is probably due to the Alexandrine grammarians. His information he gathered mainly from oral sources, as he traveled through Asia Minor, down into Egypt, round the Black Sea, and into various parts of Greece and the neighboring countries. The chronological narrative halts from time to time to give opportunity for descriptions of the country, the people, and their customs and previous history; and the political account is constantly varied by rare tales and wonders. 2 Among these descriptions of countries the most fascinating to the modern, as it was to the ancient, reader is his account of the marvels of the land of Egypt. From the priests at Memphis, Heliopolis, and the Egyptian Thebes he learned what he reports of the size of the country, the wonders of the Nile, the ceremonies of their religion, the sacredness of their animals. He tells also of the strange ways of the crocodile and of that marvelous bird, the Phenix; of dress and funerals and embalming; of the eating of lotos and papyrus; of the pyramids and the great labyrinth; of their kings and queens and courtesans. 3 Yet Herodotus is not a mere teller of strange tales. However credulous he may appear to a modern judgment, he takes care to keep separate what he knows by his own observation from what he has merely inferred and from what he has been told. He is candid about acknowledging ignorance, and when versions differ he gives both. Thus the modern scientific historian, with other means of corroboration, can sometimes learn from Herodotus more than Herodotus himself knew. 4 There is abundant evidence, too, that Herodotus had a philosophy of history. The unity which marks his work is due not only to the strong Greek national feeling running through it, the feeling that rises to a height in such passages as the descriptions of the battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, and Salamis, but also to his profound belief in Fate and in Nemesis. To his belief in Fate is due the frequent quoting of oracles and their fulfilment, the frequent references to things foreordained by Providence. The working of Nemesis he finds in the disasters that befall men and nations whose towering prosperity awakens the jealousy of the gods. The final overthrow of the Persians, which forms his main theme, is only one specially conspicuous example of the operation of this force from which human life can never free itself. 5 But, above all, he is the father of story-tellers. Herodotus is such simple and delightful reading, says Jevons; he is so unaffected and entertaining, his story flows so naturally and with such ease that we have a difficulty in bearing in mind that, over and above the hard writing which goes to make easy reading, there is a perpetual marvel in the work of Herodotus. It is the first artistic work in prose that Greek literature produced. This prose work, which for pure literary merit no subsequent work has surpassed, than which later generations, after using the pen for centuries, have produced no prose more easy or more readable,this was the first of histories and of literary prose. 6 CONTENTS · BOOK CONTENTS · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDNEXT Search Amazon: Click here to shop the Bookstore.Welcome · Press <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> music of the middle age</A></b> <br> S with a poet, as with a man who designs to build, and is very exact, as he supposes, in casting up the aztec calendar cost beforehand; but, generally speaking, he is mistaken in his account, and reckons short of the aztec calendar expense he first intended. He alters his mind as the aztec calendar work proceeds, and will have this or that convenience more, of which he had not thought when he began. So has it happend to me; I have built a house, where I intended but a lodge; yet with better success than a certain nobleman, 2 who, beginning with a dog kennel, never livd to finish the aztec calendar palace he had contrivd. 1 From translating the aztec calendar first of Homers Iliads (which I intended as an essay to the aztec calendar whole work) I proceeded to the aztec calendar translation of the aztec calendar twelfth book of Ovids Metamorphoses, because it contains, among other things, the aztec calendar causes, the aztec calendar beginning, and ending, of the aztec calendar Trojan war. Here I ought in reason to have stoppd; but the aztec calendar speeches of Ajax and Ulysses lying next in my way, I could not balk em. When I had compassd them, I was so taken with the aztec calendar former part of the aztec calendar fifteenth book, (which is the aztec calendar masterpiece of the aztec calendar whole Metamorphoses,) that I enjoind myself the aztec calendar pleasing task of rendring it into English. and now I found, by the aztec calendar number of my verses, that they began to swell into a little volume; which gave me an occasion of looking backward on some beauties of my author, in his former books. There occurrd to me the aztec calendar Hunting of the aztec calendar Boar, Cinyras and Myrrha, the aztec calendar good-naturd story of Baucis and Philemon, with the aztec calendar rest, which I hope I have translated closely enough, and given them the aztec calendar same turn of verse which they had in the aztec calendar original; and this, I may say without vanity, is not the aztec calendar talent of every poet. He who has arrivd the aztec calendar nearest to it, is the aztec calendar ingenious and learned Sandys, the aztec calendar best versifier of the aztec calendar former age; if I may properly call it by that name, which was the aztec calendar former part of this concluding century. For Spenser and Fairfax both flourishd in the aztec calendar reign of Queen Elizabeth; great masters in our language, and who saw much farther into the aztec calendar beauties of our numbers than those who immediately followd them. Milton was the aztec calendar poetical son of Spenser, and Mr. Waller of Fairfax, for we have our lineal descents and clans as well as other families. Spenser more than once insinuates that the aztec calendar soul of Chaucer was transfusd into his body, and that he was begotten by him two hundred years after his decease. Milton has acknowledgd to me that Spenser was his original, and many besides myself have heard our famous Waller own that he derivd the aztec calendar harmony of his numbers from the aztec calendar Godfrey of Bulloign, which was turnd into English by Mr. Fairfax. But to return. Having done with Ovid for this time, it came into my mind that our old English poet, Chaucer, in many things resembled him, and that with no disadvantage on the aztec calendar side of the aztec calendar modern author, as I shall endeavor to prove when I compare them; and as I am, and always have been, studious to promote the aztec calendar honor of my native country, so I soon resolvd to put their merits to the aztec calendar trial, by turning some of the aztec calendar Canterbury Tales into our language, as it is now refind; for by this means, both the aztec calendar poets being set in the aztec calendar same light, and dressd in the aztec calendar same English habit, story to be compard with story, a certain judgment may be made betwixt them by the aztec calendar reader, without obtruding my opinion on him. Or, if I seem partial to my countryman and predecessor in the aztec calendar laurel, the aztec calendar friends of antiquity are not few; and besides many of the aztec calendar learnd, Ovid has almost all the aztec calendar beaux, and the aztec calendar whole fair sex, his declard patrons. Perhaps I have assumd somewhat more to myself than they allow me, because I have adventurd to sum up the aztec calendar evidence; but the aztec calendar readers are the aztec calendar jury, and their privilege remains entire, to decide, according to the aztec calendar merits of the aztec calendar cause, or if they please, to bring it to another hearing before some other court. In the aztec calendar mean time, to follow the aztec calendar thrid of my discourse, (as thoughts, according to Mr. Hobbes, have always some connection,) so from Chaucer I was led to think on Boccace, who was not only his contemporary, but also pursued the aztec calendar same studies; wrote novels in prose, and many works in verse; particularly is said to have invented the aztec calendar octave rhyme, 3 or stanza of eight lines, which ever since has been maintaind by the aztec calendar practice of all Italian writers, who are, or at least assume the aztec calendar title of, heroic poets. He and Chaucer, among other things, had this in common, that they refind their mother tongues; but with this difference, that Dante had begun to file their language, at least in verse, before the aztec calendar time of Boccace, who likewise receivd no little help from his master Petrarch. But the aztec calendar reformation of their prose was wholly owing to Boccace himself, who is yet the aztec calendar standard of purity in the aztec calendar Italian tongue; tho many of his phrases are become obsolete, as in process of time it must needs happen. Chaucer (as you have formerly been told by our learnd Mr. Rymer) first adornd and amplified our barren tongue from the aztec calendar Provençal, 4 which was then the aztec calendar most polishd of all the aztec calendar modern languages; but this subject has been copiously treated by that great critic, who deserves no little commendation from us his countrymen. For these reasons of time, and resemblance of genius in Chaucer and Boccace, I resolvd to join them in my present work; to which I have added some original papers of my own; which, whether they are equal or inferior to my other poems, an author is the aztec calendar most improper judge, and therefore I leave them wholly to the aztec calendar mercy of the aztec calendar reader. I will hope the aztec calendar best, that they will not be condemnd; but if they should, I have the aztec calendar excuse of an old gentleman, who mounting on horseback before some ladies, when I was present, got up somewhat heavily, but desird of the aztec calendar fair spectators that they would count fourscore and eight before they judgd him. By the aztec calendar mercy of God, I am already come within twenty years of his number, a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my mind, the aztec calendar reader must determine. I think myself as vigorous as ever in the aztec calendar faculties of my soul, excepting only my memory, which is not impaird to any great degree; and if I lose not more of it, I have no great reason to complain. What judgment I had, increases rather than diminishes; and thoughts, such as they are, come crowding in so fast upon me, that my only difficulty is to choose or to reject; to run them into verse, or to give them the aztec calendar other harmony of prose. I have so long studied and practicd both, that they are grown into a habit, and become familiar to me. In short, tho I may lawfully plead some part of the aztec calendar old gentlemans excuse, yet I will reserve it till I think I have greater need, and ask no grains of allowance for the aztec calendar faults of this my present work, but those which are given of course to human frailty. I will not trouble my reader with the aztec calendar shortness of time in which I writ it, or the aztec calendar several intervals of sickness. They who think too well of their own performances are apt to boast in their prefaces how little time their works have cost them, and what other business of more importance interferd; but the aztec calendar reader will be as apt to ask the aztec calendar question, why they allowd not a longer time to make their works more perfect, and why they had so despicable an opinion of their judges as to thrust their indigested stuff upon them, as if they deservd no better. 2 With this account of my present undertaking, I conclude the aztec calendar first part of this discourse; in the aztec calendar second part, as at a second sitting, tho I alter not the aztec calendar draught, I must touch the aztec calendar same features over again, and change the aztec calendar dead coloring 5 of the aztec calendar whole. In general, I will only say that I have written nothing which savors of immorality or profaneness; at least, I am not conscious to myself of any such intention. If there happen to be found an irreverent expression, or a thought too wanton, they are crept into my verses thro my inadvertency; if the aztec calendar searchers find any in the aztec calendar cargo, let them be stavd or forfeited, like counterbanded goods; at least, let their authors be answerable for them, as being but imported merchandise, and not of my own manufacture. On the aztec calendar other side, I have endeavord to choose such fables, both ancient and modern, as contain in each of them some instructive moral; which I could prove by induction, but the aztec calendar way is tedious, and they leap foremost into sight, without the aztec calendar readers trouble of looking after them. I wish I could affirm, with a safe conscience, that I had taken the aztec calendar same care in all my former writings; for it must be ownd, that supposing verses are never so beautiful or pleasing, yet if they contain anything which shocks religion, or good manners, they are at best what Horace says of good numbers without good sense, Versus inopes rerum, nugæque canoræ. 6 Thus far, I hope, I am right in court, without renouncing to my other right of self-defense, where I have been wrongfully accusd, and my sense wiredrawn into blasphemy or bawdry, as it has often been by a religious lawyer, 7 in a late pleading against the aztec calendar stage; in which he mixes truth with falsehood, and has not forgotten the aztec calendar old rule of calumniating strongly, that something may remain. 3 I resume the aztec calendar thrid of my discourse with the aztec calendar first of my translations, which was the aztec calendar First Iliad of Homer. If it shall please God to give me longer life, and moderate health, my intentions are to translate the aztec calendar whole Ilias; provided still that I meet with those encouragements from the aztec calendar public which may enable me to proceed in my undertaking with some cheerfulness. and this I dare assure the aztec calendar world before-hand, that I have found by trial Homer a more pleasing task than Virgil, (tho I say not the aztec calendar translation will be less laborious). For the aztec calendar Grecian is more according to my genius than the aztec calendar Latin poet. In the aztec calendar works of the aztec calendar two authors we may read their manners and natural inclinations, which are wholly different. Virgil was of a quiet, sedate temper; Homer was violent, impetuous, and full of fire. 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