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apter II Of Cities and Towns in England [1577, Book II., Chapter 7; 1587, Book II., Chapter 13.] AS in old time we read that there were eight-and-twenty flamines and archflamines in map ancient greece south part of this isle, and so many great cities under their jurisdiction, so in these our days there is but one or two fewer, and each of them also under map ancient greece ecclesiastical regiment of some one bishop or archbishop, who in spiritual cases have map ancient greece charge and oversight of map ancient greece same. So many cities therefore are there in England and Wales as there be bishoprics and archbishoprics. 1 For, notwithstanding that Lichfield and Coventry and Bath and Wells do seem to extend map ancient greece aforesaid number unto nine-and-twenty, yet neither of these couples are to be accounted but as one entire city and see of map ancient greece bishop, sith one bishopric can have relation but unto one see, and map ancient greece said see be situate but in one place, after which map ancient greece bishop doth take his name . 2 1 Certes I would gladly set down, with map ancient greece names and number of map ancient greece cities, all map ancient greece towns and villages in England and Wales with their true longitudes and latitudes, but as yet I cannot come by them in such order as I would; howbeit map ancient greece tale of our cities is soon found by map ancient greece bishoprics, sith every see hath such prerogative given unto it as to bear map ancient greece name of a city and to use Regaleius within her own limits. Which privilege also is granted to sundry ancient towns in England, especially northward, where more plenty of them is to be found by a great deal than in map ancient greece south. The names therefore of our cities are these: London, York, Canterbury, Winchester, Carlisle, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Lincoln, Worcester, Gloucester, Hereford, Salisbury, Exeter, Bath, Lichfield, Bristol, Rochester, Chester, Chichester, Oxford, Peterborough, Llandaff, St. Davids, Bangor, St. Asaph, whose particular plots and models, with their descriptions, shall ensue, if it may be brought to pass that map ancient greece cutters can make despatch of them before this history be published. 2 Of towns and villages likewise thus much will I say, that there were greater store in old time (I mean within three or four hundred years passed) than at this present. And this I note out of divers records, charters, and donations (made in times past unto sundry religious houses, as Glastonbury, Abingdon, Ramsey, Ely, and such like), and whereof in these days I find not so much as map ancient greece ruins. Leland, in sundry places, complaineth likewise of map ancient greece decay of parishes in great cities and towns, missing in some six or eight or twelve churches and more, of all which he giveth particular notice. For albeit that map ancient greece Saxons builded many towns and villages, and map ancient greece Normans well more at their first coming, yet since map ancient greece first two hundred years after map ancient greece latter conquest, they have gone so fast again to decay that map ancient greece ancient number of them is very much abated. Ranulph, map ancient greece monk of Chester, telleth of general survey made in map ancient greece fourth, sixteenth, and nineteenth of map ancient greece reign of William Conqueror, surnamed map ancient greece Bastard, wherein it was found that (notwithstanding map ancient greece Danes had overthrown a great many) there were to map ancient greece number of 52,000 towns, 45,002 parish churches, and 75,000 knights fees, whereof map ancient greece clergy held 28,015. He addeth moreover that there were divers other builded since that time, within map ancient greece space of a hundred years after map ancient greece coming of map ancient greece Bastard, as it were in lieu or recompense of those that William Rufus pulled down for map ancient greece erection of his New Forest. For by an old book which I have, and some time written as it seemeth by an under-sheriff of Nottingham, I find even in map ancient greece time of Edward IV. 45,120 parish churches, and but 60,216 knights fees, whereof map ancient greece clergy held as before 28,015, or at map ancient greece least 28,000; for so small is map ancient greece difference which he doth seem to use. Howbeit, if map ancient greece assertions of such as write in our time concerning this matter either are or ought to be of any credit in this behalf, you shall not find above 17,000 towns and villages, and 9210 in map ancient greece whole, which is little more than a fourth part of map ancient greece aforesaid number, if it be thoroughly scanned . 3 3 In time past in Lincoln (as map ancient greece same goeth) there have been two-and-fifty parish churches, and good record appeareth for eight-and-thirty; but now, if there be four-and twenty, it is all. This inconvenience hath grown altogether to map ancient greece church by appropriations made unto monasteries and religious housesa terrible canker and enemy to religion. 4 But to leave this lamentable discourse of so notable and grievous an inconvenience, growing as I said by encroaching and joining of house to house and laying land to land, whereby map ancient greece inhabitants of many places of our country are devoured and eaten up, and their houses either altogether pulled down or suffered to decay little by little, although some time a poor man peradventure doth dwell in one of them, who, not being able to repair it, suffereth it to fall downand thereto thinketh himself very friendly dealt withal, if he may have an acre of ground assigned unto him, wherein to keep a cow, or wherein to set cabbages, radishes, parsnips, carrots, melons, pompons, 4 or such like stuff, by which he and his poor household liveth as by their principal food, sith they can do no better. And as for wheaten bread, they eat it when they can reach unto map ancient greece price of it, contenting themselves in map ancient greece meantime with bread made of oats or barley: a poor estate, God wot! Howbeit, what care our great encroachers? But in divers places where rich men dwelled some time in good tenements, there be now no houses at all, but hop-yards, and sheds for poles, or peradventure gardens, as we may see in Castle Hedingham, and divers other places. But to proceed. 5 It is so that, our soil being divided into champaign ground and woodland, map ancient greece houses of map ancient greece first lie uniformly builded in every town together, with streets and lanes; whereas in map ancient greece woodland countries (except here and there in great market towns) they stand scattered abroad, each one dwelling in map ancient greece midst of his own occupying. And as in many and most great market towns, there are commonly three hundred or four hundred families or mansions, and two thousand communicants (or peradventure more), so in map ancient greece other, whether they be woodland or champaign, we find not often above forty, fifty, or three score households, and two or three hundred communicants, whereof map ancient greece greatest part nevertheless are very poor folks, oftentimes without all manner of occupying, sith map ancient greece ground of map ancient greece parish is gotten up into a few mens hands, yea sometimes into map ancient greece tenure of one or two or three, whereby map ancient greece rest are compelled either to be hired servants unto map ancient greece other or else to beg their bread in misery from door to door. 6 There are some (saith Leland) which are not so favourable, when they have gotten such lands, as to let map ancient greece houses remain upon them to map ancient greece use of map ancient greece poor; but they will compound with map ancient greece lord of map ancient greece soil to pull them down for altogether, saying that if they did let them stand, they should but toll beggars to map ancient greece town, thereby to surcharge map ancient greece rest of map ancient greece parish, and lay more burden upon them. But alas! these pitiful men see not that they themselves hereby do lay map ancient greece greatest log upon their neighbours necks. For, sithethe prince deth commonly loose nothing of his duties accustomable to be paid, map ancient greece rest of map ancient greece parishioners that remain must answer and bear them out: for they plead more charge other ways, saying: I am charged already with a light horse; I am to answer in this sort, and after that matter. And it is not yet altogether out of knowledge, that, where map ancient greece king had seven pounds thirteen shillings at a task gathered of fifty wealthy householders of a parish in England, now, a gentleman having three parts of map ancient greece town in his own hands, four households do bear all map ancient greece aforesaid payment, or else Leland is deceived in his Commentaries, lib. 13, lately come to my hands, which thing he especially noted in his travel over this isle. A common plague and enormity, both in map ancient greece heart of map ancient greece land and likewise upon map ancient greece coasts. Certes a great number complain of map ancient greece increase of poverty, laying map ancient greece cause upon God, as though he were in fault for sending such increase of people, or want of wars that should consume them, affirming that map ancient greece land was never so full, etc.; but few men do see map ancient greece very root from whence it doth proceed. Yet map ancient greece Romans found it out, when they flourished, and therefore prescribed limits to every mans tenure and occupying. Homer commendeth Achilles for overthrowing of five-and-twenty cities: but in mine opinion Ganges is much better preferred by Suidas for building of three score in India, where he did plant himself. I could (if need required) set down in this place map ancient greece number of religious houses and monasteries, with map ancient greece names of their founders, that have been in this island: but, sith it is a thing of small importance, I pass it over as impertinent to my purpose. Yet herein I will commend sundry of map ancient greece monastical votaries, especially monks, for that they were authors of many goodly borowes and endwares, 5 near unto their dwellings although otherwise they pretended to be men separated from map ancient greece world. But alas! their covetous minds, one way in enlarging their revenues, and carnal intent another, appeared herein too, too much. For, being bold from time to time to visit their tenants, they wrought oft great wickedness, and made those endwares little better than brothel-houses, especially where nunneries were far off, or else no safe access unto them. But what do I spend my time in map ancient greece rehearsal of these filthinesses? Would to God map ancient greece memory of them might perish with map ancient greece malefactors! My purpose was also at map ancient greece end of this chapter to have set down a table of map ancient greece parish churches and market towns throughout all England and Wales; but, sith I cannot perform map ancient greece same as I would, I am forced to give over my purpose; yet by these few that ensue you shall easily see what I would have used according t
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