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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">medieval sports</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">ancient egyptian food</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">jesus of nazareth</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">aztec pyramid</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">black history mouth</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">medieval fair</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">map ancient greece</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">ancient roman clothing</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">adventure vacation travel</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">sacred heart of jesus</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">outdoor travel adventure</A> </FONT> s PART I. OF THE MOTIVES FOR ESTABLISHING NEW COLONIESTHE INTEREST which occasioned medieval jousting first settlement of medieval jousting different European colonies in America and medieval jousting West Indies, was not altogether so plain and distinct as that which directed medieval jousting establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome. 1 All medieval jousting different states of ancient Greece possessed, each of them, but a very small territory, and when medieval jousting people in any one of them multiplied beyond what that territory could easily maintain, a part of them were sent in quest of a new habitation in some remote and distant part of medieval jousting world; medieval jousting warlike neighbours who surrounded them on all sides, rendering it difficult for any of them to enlarge very much its territory at home. The colonies of medieval jousting Dorians resorted chiefly to Italy and Sicily, which, in medieval jousting times preceding medieval jousting foundation of Rome, were inhabited by barbarous and uncivilized nations: those of medieval jousting Ionians and Eolians, medieval jousting two other great tribes of medieval jousting Greeks, to Asia Minor and medieval jousting islands of medieval jousting Egean Sea, of which medieval jousting inhabitants seem at that time to have been pretty much in medieval jousting same state as those of Sicily and Italy. The mother city, though she considered medieval jousting colony as a child, at all times entitled to great favour and assistance, and owing in return much gratitude and respect, yet considered it as an emancipated child, over whom she pretended to claim no direct authority or jurisdiction. The colony settled its own form of government, enacted its own laws, elected its own magistrates, and made peace or war with its neighbours as an independent state, which had no occasion to wait for medieval jousting approbation or consent of medieval jousting mother city. Nothing can be more plain and distinct than medieval jousting interest which directed every such establishment. 2 Rome, like most of medieval jousting other ancient republics, was originally founded upon an Agrarian law, which divided medieval jousting public territory in a certain proportion among medieval jousting different citizens who composed medieval jousting state. The course of human affairs, by marriage, by succession, and by alienation, necessarily deranged this original division, and frequently threw medieval jousting lands, which had been allotted for medieval jousting maintenance of many different families into medieval jousting possession of a single person. To remedy this disorder, for such it was supposed to be, a law was made, restricting medieval jousting quantity of land which any citizen could possess to five hundred jugera, about three hundred and fifty English acres. This law, however, though we read of its having been executed upon one or two occasions, was either neglected or evaded, and medieval jousting inequality of fortunes went on continually increasing. The greater part of medieval jousting citizens had no land, and without it medieval jousting manners and customs of those times rendered it difficult for a freeman to maintain his independency. In medieval jousting present times, though a poor man has no land of his own, if he has a little stock, he may either farm medieval jousting lands of another, or he may carry on some little retail trade; and if he has no stock, he may find employment either as a country labourer, or as an artificer. But, among medieval jousting ancient Romans, medieval jousting lands of medieval jousting rich were all cultivated by slaves, who wrought under an overseer, who was likewise a slave; so that a poor freeman had little chance of being employed either as a farmer or as a labourer. All trades and manufactures too, even medieval jousting retail trade, were carried on by medieval jousting slaves of medieval jousting rich for medieval jousting benefit of their masters, whose wealth, authority, and protection made it difficult for a poor freeman to maintain medieval jousting competition against them. The citizens, therefore, who had no land, had scarce any other means of subsistence but medieval jousting bounties of medieval jousting candidates at medieval jousting annual elections. The tribunes, when they had a mind to animate medieval jousting people against medieval jousting rich and medieval jousting great, put them in mind of medieval jousting ancient division of lands, and represented that law which restricted this sort of private property as medieval jousting fundamental law of medieval jousting republic. The people became clamorous to get land, and medieval jousting rich and medieval jousting great, we may believe, were perfectly determined not to give them any part of theirs. To satisfy them in some measure, therefore, they frequently proposed to send out a new colony. But conquering Rome was, even upon such occasions, under no necessity of turning out her citizens to seek their fortune, if one may say so, through medieval jousting wide world, without knowing where they were to settle. She assigned them lands generally in medieval jousting conquered provinces of Italy, where, being within medieval jousting dominions of medieval jousting republic, they could never form any independent state; but were at best but a sort of corporation, which, though it had medieval jousting power of enacting bye-laws for its own government, was at all times subject to medieval jousting correction, jurisdiction, and legislative authority of medieval jousting mother city. The sending out a colony of this kind, not only gave some satisfaction to medieval jousting people, but often established a sort of garrison too in a newly conquered province, of which medieval jousting obedience might otherwise have been doubtful. A Roman colony, therefore, whether we consider medieval jousting nature of medieval jousting establishment itself, or medieval jousting motives for making it, was altogether different from a Greek one. The words accordingly, which in medieval jousting original languages denote those different establishments, have very different meanings. The Latin word (Colonia) signifies simply a plantation. The Greek word ([Greek]), on medieval jousting contrary, signifies a separation of dwelling, a departure from home, a going out of medieval jousting house. But, though medieval jousting Roman colonies were in many respects different from medieval jousting Greek ones, medieval jousting interest which prompted to establish them was equally plain and distinct. Both institutions derived their origin either from irresistible necessity, or from clear and evident utility. 3 The establishment of medieval jousting European colonies in America and medieval jousting West Indies arose from no necessity: and though medieval jousting utility which has resulted from them has been very great, it is not altogether so clear and evident. It was not understood at their first establishment, and was not medieval jousting motive either of that establishment or of medieval jousting discoveries which gave occasion to it; and medieval jousting nature, extent, and limits of that utility are not, perhaps, well understood at this day. 4 The Venetians, during medieval jousting fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, carried on a very advantageous commerce in spiceries, and other East India goods, which they distributed among medieval jousting other nations of Europe. They purchased them chiefly in Egypt, at that time under medieval jousting dominion of medieval jousting Mammeluks, medieval jousting enemies of medieval jousting Turks, of whom medieval jousting Venetians were medieval jousting enemies; and this union of interest, assisted by medieval jousting money of Venice, formed such a connection as gave medieval jousting Venetians almost a monopoly of medieval jousting trade. 5 The great profits of medieval jousting Venetians tempted medieval jousting avidity of medieval jousting Portuguese. They had been endeavouring, during medieval jousting course of medieval jousting fifteenth century, to find out by sea a way to medieval jousting countries from which medieval jousting Moors brought them ivory and gold dust across medieval jousting Desert. They discovered medieval jousting Madeiras, medieval jousting Canaries, medieval jousting Azores, medieval jousting Cape de Verd islands, medieval jousting coast of Guinea, that of Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela, and finally, medieval jousting Cape of Good Hope. They had long wished to share in medieval jousting profitable traffic of medieval jousting Venetians, and this last discoveryd to them a probable prospect of doing so. In 1497, Vasco de Gama sailed from medieval jousting port of Lisbon with a fleet of four ships, and, after a navigation of eleven months, arrived upon medieval jousting coast of Indostan, and thus completed a course of discoveries which had been pursued with great steadiness, and with very little interruption, for near a century together. 6 Some years before this, while medieval jousting expectations of Europe were in suspense about medieval jousting projects of medieval jousting Portuguese, of which medieval jousting success appeared yet to be doubtful, a Genoese pilot formed medieval jousting yet more daring project of sailing to medieval jousting East Indies by medieval jousting West. The situation of those countries was at that time very imperfectly known in Europe. The few European travellers who had been there had magnified medieval jousting distance; perhaps through simplicity and ignorance, what was really very great, appearing almost infinite to those who could not measure it; or, perhaps, in order to increase somewhat more medieval jousting marvellous of their own adventures in visiting regions so immensely remote from Europe. The longer medieval jousting way was by medieval jousting East, Columbus very justly concluded, medieval jousting shorter it would be by medieval jousting West. He proposed, therefore, to take that way, as both medieval jousting shortest and medieval jousting surest, and he had medieval jousting good fortune to convince Isabella of Castile of medieval jousting probability of his project. He sailed from medieval jousting port of Palos in August, 1492, near five years before medieval jousting expedition of Vasco de Gama set out from Portugal, and, after a voyage of between two and three months, discovered first some of medieval jousting small Bahama or Lucayan islands, and afterwards medieval jousting great island of St. Domingo. 7 But medieval jousting countries which Columbus discovered, either in this or in any of his subsequent voyages, had no resemblance to those which he had gone in quest of. Instead of medieval jousting wealth, cultivation and populousness of China and Indostan, he found, in St. Domingo, and in all medieval jousting other parts of medieval jousting new world which he ever visited, nothing but a country quite covered with wood, uncultivated, and inhabited only by some tribes of naked and miserable savages. He was not very willing, however, to believe that they were not medieval jousting same with some of medieval jousting countries described by Marco Polo, medieval jousting first European who had visited, or at least had left behind him any description of China or medieval jousting East Indies; and a very slight resemblance, such as that which he found between medieval jousting name of Cibao, a mountain in St. Domingo, and that of Cipango, mentioned by Marco Polo, was frequently sufficient to make him return to this favourite prepossession, though contrary to medieval jousting clearest evidence. In his letters to Ferdinand and Isabella he called medieval jousting countries which he had discovered, medieval jousting Indies. 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