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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">warped tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">historical map</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">today in history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">bible dictionary</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">russia girl</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">military history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">bus tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">jesus picture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">bible quote</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">basketball history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">bible software</A> </FONT> JOHN HENRY NEWMAN was born in London, February 21, 1801. Going up to Oxford at sixteen, he gained a scholarship at Trinity College, and after graduation became fellow and tutor of Oriel, then the most alive, intellectually, of the Oxford colleges. He took orders, and in 1828 was appointed vicar of St. Marys, the university church. In 1832 he had to resign his tutorship on account of a difference of opinion with the head of the college as to his duties and responsibilities, Newman regarding his function as one of a substantially religious nature. 1 Returning to Oxford the next year from a journey on the Continent, he began, in cooperation with R. H. Froude and others, the publication of the Tracts for the Times, a series of pamphlets which gave a name to the Tractarian or Oxford movement for the defence of the doctrine of apostolical succession and the integrity of the Prayer-Book. After several years of agitation, during which Newman came to exercise an extraordinary influence in Oxford, the movement and its leader fell under the official ban of the university and of the Anglican bishops, and Newman withdrew from Oxford, feeling that the Anglican Church had herself destroyed the defences which he had sought to build for her. In October, 1845, he was received into the Roman Church. 2 The next year he went to Rome, and on his return introduced into England the institute of the Oratory. In 1854 he went to Dublin for four years as rector of the new Catholic university, and while there wrote his volume on The Idea of a University, in which he expounds with wonderful clearness of thought and beauty of language his view of the aim of education. In 1879 he was created cardinal in recognition of his services to the cause of religion in England, and in 1890 he died. Of the history of Newmans religious opinions and influence no hint can be given here. The essays which follow do, indeed, imply important and fundamental elements of his system of belief; but they can be taken in detachment as the exposition of a view of the nature and value of culture by a man who was himself the fine flower of English university training and a master of English prose. 3 <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> bible verse search</A></b> <br> Essays: English and American.The Harvard Classics. 190914. The Idea of a University. I. What Is a University? John Henry Newman <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> history of egypt</A></b> <br> IF I were asked to describe as briefly and popularly as I could, what a University was, I should draw my answer from its ancient designation of a Studium Generale, or School of Universal Learning. This description implies medieval shield assemblage of strangers from all parts in one spot;from all parts; else, how will you find professors and students for every department of knowledge? and in one spot; else, how can there be any school at all? Accordingly, in its simple and rudimental form, it is a school of knowledge of every kind, consisting of teachers and learners from every quarter. Many things are requisite to complete and satisfy medieval shield idea embodied in this description; but such as this a University seems to be in its essence, a place for medieval shield communication and circulation of thought, by means of personal intercourse, through a wide extent of country. 1 There is nothing far-fetched or unreasonable in medieval shield idea thus presented to us; and if this be a University, then a University does but contemplate a necessity of our nature, and is but one specimen in a particular medium, out of many which might be adduced in others, of a provision for that necessity. Mutual education, in a large sense of medieval shield word, is one of medieval shield great and incessant occupations of human society, carried on partly with set purpose, and partly not. One generation forms another; and medieval shield existing generation is ever acting and reacting upon itself in medieval shield persons of its individual members. Now, in this process, books, I need scarcely say, that is, medieval shield litera scripta, are one special instrument. It is true; and emphatically so in this age. Considering medieval shield prodigious powers of medieval shield press, and how they are developed at this time in medieval shield never-intermitting issue of periodicals, tracts, pamphlets, works in series, and light literature, we must allow there never was a time which promised fairer for dispensing with every other means of information and instruction. What can we want more, you will say, for medieval shield intellectual education of medieval shield whole man, and for every man, than so exuberant and diversified and persistent a promulgation of all kinds of knowledge? Why, you will ask, need we go up to knowledge, when knowledge comes down to us? The Sibyl wrote her prophecies upon medieval shield leaves of medieval shield forest, and wasted them; but here such careless profusion might be prudently indulged, for it can be afforded without loss, in consequence of medieval shield almost fabulous fecundity of medieval shield instrument which these latter ages have invented. We have sermons in stones, and books in medieval shield running brooks; works larger and more comprehensive than those which have gained for ancients an immortality, issue forth every morning, and are projected onwards to medieval shield ends of medieval shield earth at medieval shield rate of hundreds of miles a day. Our seats are strewed, our pavements are powdered, with swarms of little tracts; and medieval shield very bricks of our city walls preach wisdom, by informing us by their placards where we can at once cheaply purchase it. 2 I allow all this, and much more; such certainly is our popular education, and its effects are remarkable. Nevertheless, after all, even in this age, whenever men are really serious about getting what, in medieval shield language of trade, is called a good article, when they aim at something precise, something refined, something really luminous, something really large, something choice, they go to another market; they avail themselves, in some shape or other, of medieval shield rival method, medieval shield ancient method, of oral instruction, of present communication between man and man, of teachers instead of learning, of medieval shield personal influence of a master, and medieval shield humble initiation of a disciple, and, in consequence, of great centres of pilgrimage and throng, which such a method of education necessarily involves. This, I think, will be found to hold good in all those departments or aspects of society, which possess an interest sufficient to bind men together, or to constitute what is called a world. It holds in medieval shield political world, and in medieval shield high world, and in medieval shield religious world; and it holds also in medieval shield literary and scientific world. 3 If medieval shield actions of men may be taken as any test of their convictions, then we have reason for saying this, viz.:that medieval shield province and medieval shield inestimable benefit of medieval shield litera scripta is that of being a record of truth, and an authority of appeal, and an instrument of teaching in medieval shield hands of a teacher; but that, if we wish to become exact and fully furnished in any branch of knowledge which is diversified and complicated, we must consult medieval shield living man and listen to his living voice. I am not bound to investigate medieval shield cause of this, and anything I may say will, I am conscious, be short of its full analysis;perhaps we may suggest, that no books can get through medieval shield number of minute questions which it is possible to ask on any extended subject, or can hit upon medieval shield very difficulties which are severally felt by each reader in succession. Or again, that no book can convey medieval shield special spirit and delicate peculiarities of its subject with that rapidity and certainty which attend on medieval shield sympathy of mind with mind, through medieval shield eyes, medieval shield look, medieval shield accent, and medieval shield manner, in casual expressions thrown off at medieval shield moment, and medieval shield unstudied turns of familiar conversation. But I am already dwelling too long on what is but an incidental portion of my main subject. Whatever be medieval shield cause, medieval shield fact is undeniable. The general principles of any study you may learn by books at home; but medieval shield detail, medieval shield colour, medieval shield tone, medieval shield air, medieval shield life which makes it live in us, you must catch all these from those in whom it lives already. You must imitate medieval shield student in French or German, who is not content with his grammar, but goes to Paris or Dresden: you must take example from medieval shield young artist, who aspires to visit medieval shield great Masters in Florence and in Rome. Till we have discovered some intellectual daguerreotype, which takes off medieval shield course of thought, and medieval shield form, lineaments, and features of truth, as completely and minutely as medieval shield optical instrument reproduces medieval shield sensible object, we must come to medieval shield teachers of wisdom to learn wisdom, we must repair to medieval shield fountain, and drink there. Portions of it may go from thence to medieval shield ends of medieval shield earth by means of books; but medieval shield fullness is in one place alone. It is in such assemblages and congregations of intellect that books themselves, medieval shield masterpieces of human genius, are written, or at least originated. 4 The principle on which I have been insisting is so obvious, and instances in point are so ready, that I should think it tiresome to proceed with medieval shield subject, except that one or two illustrations may serve to explain my own language about it, which may not have done justice to medieval shield doctrine which it has been intended to enforce. 5 For instance, medieval shield polished manners and high-bred bearing which are so difficult of attainment, and so strictly personal when attained,which are so much admired in society, from society are acquired. All that goes to constitute a gentleman,the carriage, gait, address, gestures, voice; medieval shield ease, medieval shield selfpossession, medieval shield courtesy, medieval shield power of conversing, medieval shield talent of not offending; medieval shield lofty principle, medieval shield delicacy of thought, medieval shield happiness of expression, medieval shield taste and propriety, medieval shield generosity and forbearance, medieval shield candour and consideration, medieval shieldess of hand;these qualities, some of them come by nature, some of them may be found in any rank, some of them are a direct precept of Christianity; but medieval shield full assemblage of them, bound up in medieval shield unity of an individual character, do we expect they can be learned from books? are they not necessarily acquired, where they are to be found, in high society? The very nature of medieval shield case leads us to say so; you cannot fence without an antagonist, nor challenge all comers in disputation before you have supported a thesis; and in like manner, it stands to reason, you cannot learn to converse till you have medieval shield world to converse with; you cannot unlearn your natural bashfulness, or awkwardness, or stiffness, or other besetting deformity, till you serve your time in some school of manners. Well, and is it not so in matter of fact? The metropolis, medieval shield court, medieval shield great houses of medieval shield land, are medieval shield centres to which at stated times medieval shield country comes up, as to shrines of refinement and good taste; and then in due time medieval shield country goes back again home, enriched with a portion of medieval shield social accomplishments, which those very visits serve to call out and heighten in medieval shield gracious dispensers of them. We are unable to conceive how medieval shield gentlemanlike can otherwise be maintained; and maintained in this way it is. 6 And now a second instance: and here too I am going to speak without personal experience of medieval shield subject I am introducing. I admit I have not been in Parliament, any more than I have figured in medieval shield beau monde; yet I cannot but think that statesmanship, as well as high breeding, is learned, not by books, but in certain centres of education. If it be not presumption to say so, Parliament puts a clever man au courant with politics and affairs of state in a way surprising to himself. A member of medieval shield Legislature, if tolerably observant, begins to see things with new eyes, even though his views undergo no change. Words have a meaning now, and ideas a reality, such as they had not before. He hears a vast deal in public speeches and private conversation, which is never put into print. The bearings of measures and events, medieval shield action of parties, and medieval shield persons of friends and enemies, are brought out to medieval shield man who is in medieval shield midst of them with a distinctness, which medieval shield most diligent perusal of newspapers will fail to impart to them. It is access to medieval shield fountain-heads of political wisdom and experience, it is daily intercourse, of one kind or another, with medieval shield multitude who go up to them, it is familiarity with business, it is access to medieval shield contributions of fact and opinion thrown together by many witnesses fr <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval shield</A></b> <br> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3702.php">valentine history :3702</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3701.php">bible search :3701</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3700.php">church of god :3700</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3699.php">bible story :3699</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3698.php">interview with god :3698</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3697.php">aztec calendar :3697</A> <A HREF="http://www.new-tradition.org/desc/indexn3696.php">ancient greek :3696</A> <A 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