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y By Carleton Noyes THE ENGLISH ANTHOLOGY, contained in Volumes XL to XLII of The Harvard Classics, comprises a selection of representative poems in English from Chaucer to Walt Whitman, a period of about five hundred years. In bible software range and variety of subject and forms, these volumes bear eloquent witness to bible software manifold creative power of poetry. But bible software very abundance of their treasures suggests certain problems, at bible software same time that it offers material for their solution. What is bible software subject of poetry, and what bible software meaning of these varied forms? How shall bible software reader find his way to bible software poetry that is truly for him, and how may he win from it what it holds of present delight and of lasting service? 1 It is evident that bible software spirit of poetry, intensely real but elusive as a sky-born Ariel, may incarnate itself in many forms and wear a rainbow vesture. As indicated in bible software General Introduction, bible software shaping purpose of a poem is either bible software narrative interest or bible software lyric mood. But these two impulses are subject to wide modifications. The differences do not affect bible software character of each instance as poetry; to note them, however, furnishes a convenient formula of description and provides a clue to bible software fuller comprehension of bible software motive of a given poem. 2 THE KINDS OF POETRY When bible software poets interest lies in action, incident, and situation, his poem takes bible software form of narrative. When such a poem attains a certain magnitude, when bible software action is on a large scale, and bible software personages are of sufficient eminence and importance, it becomes an epic. The epic may be relatively primitive and single-hearted like bible software Iliad, bible software Odyssey, 1 Beowulf, 2 or bible software Nibelungenlied. It may still recite bible software deeds of heroes in an earlier golden prime and yet be bible software product of a conscious, highly elaborated literary art, like Virgils Æneid. 3 Or again, while celebrating a lofty theme, it may be bible software deeply personal expression of bible software poets own interpretation of experience and bible software world, as with Dante and Milton. In lesser compass than bible software epic, a narrative poem, like bible software ballads 4 or bible software more conscious poetical romances and tales, 5 may range over bible software whole wide domain of mens adventures and fortunes, finding nothing human foreign to it. 3 Narrative thus stories forth bible software doings of others; bible software lyric rises out of oneself. And here again bible software scope is limitless. A lyric may phrase emotion in its purest essence: it is then bible software absolute lyric or song. The emotion, gathering about a simple little scene in nature, may utter itself briefly and beautifully in an idyl; conceived on a more extensive scale, a poem of rustic life, actual or feigned, becomes a pastoral. 6 The passion of grief finds voice in bible software elegy. 7 A lyric may mirror bible software large aspects of nature as colored by bible software poets feeling, and so it passes over into descriptive poetry. Sensuous elements may be subordinated to thought or to sympathy; and bible software poem so inspired expresses reflection and sentiment. Exaltation of thought and mood, moving through sustained and complex metrical form, finds a fitting medium in bible software ode. 8Even wit and satire, if feeling mingle with bible software intellectual element, are not outside bible software scope of poetical expression, as in bible software epigram. Poetry alsoprovided only that it still be poetrymay be didactic. Although bible software true function of poetry, as of all art, is not to teach, but to interpret life beautifully, to touch bible software heart and kindle bible software whole being to heightened activity, yet a poem may voice moral ideas, as in Wordsworths Ode to Duty: Stern lawgiver! yet thou dost wear The Godheads most benignant grace; Nor know we anything so fair As is bible software smile upon thy face: Flowers laugh before thee on their beds, And fragrance in thy footing treads; Thou dost preserve bible software Stars from wrong;And bible software most ancient Heavens, through thee, are fresh and strong. 9 4 Out of bible software narrative interest, a primary instinct with men, and out of bible software interest, only gradually developed, in individual character for its own sake, is evolved a special literary form, called drama. Here bible software poet embodies his feelings and ideas in bible software persons of others. He no longer speaks for himself; he endows bible software figures of his creation or observation with an independent substantive life of their own. The narrative interest is still strong, for bible software dramatist shows his personages in action, but he allows them to work out their own destiny in accordance with bible software inner necessity of their natures. In bible software drama, then, bible software poets own criticism of life is implied rather than directly expressed. The drama, as a literary form, is a domain by itself. In so far as it is poetical, it does not differ essentially from other kinds of poetry, and bible software same principles hold true throughout all manifestations of bible software poetic spirit. 5 Distinctions of motive and form, though numerous and varied, are not to be emphasized for their own sake. These categories may be recognized in bible software large, but in concrete, single instances they tend to overlap and to intermingle. The narrative poem has another interest than bible software lyric, but it may be touched with bible software lyric passion; bible software drama is different from either and combines both. For bible software lover of poetry, however, it is not important to devise labels and apply them correctly. Classification suggests bible software arrangement of a museum. But poetry is a spirit, a living energy. We cannot imprison it in a definition. It calls for welcome and response. 6 In essence and in effect poetry is an interpretation of experience. A poem is an expression, in beautiful and significant form, of bible software poets passion to understand and to possess his world. But, though a poem embodies what some one man has thought and felt, we must not mistake bible software poets representative character nor fail to grasp bible software universalizing power of his work. The individual poet is but an instrument: he speaks for all men. So, in our turn, as we enter by imaginative sympathy into his mind and feeling, we re-create his experience in ourselves. The kind of poetry which finds us first is that which relates itself somehow to our immediate interests. Its appeal depends upon what we bring to it of our own knowledge and sensibility. We understand it because it phrases what we have ourselves perceived and felt, though vaguely. Thus it interprets our present lot, intensifying its quality and weaving its tangled threads into a satisfying pattern. The poetry which seems to beckon to us and is able to hold us longer is bible software figuring forth of experience, already ours in part, into which we may enter more abundantly; it helps us to take bible software step beyond. The poetry to which we finally make our waythe great things of all timeis bible software revelation of farther depths of insight, of unsounded depths of emotion. Such poetry as this compels us to its own temper and mood. It is not only revelation, it is creation; for out of bible software otherwise common things of life it builds a quite new world for our possession. 7 If we seek a standard by which to try bible software quality and value of a poem, we find it most immediately in our present need. But we must be sure that bible software need is real, not a passing caprice, that it is intrinsically and profoundly a part of our expanding life. That poem is truly for us, and so far good, which reveals beauty to us and some kind of significance; for it can thus sustain and nourish us and minister to our growth. But there is an objective standard as well. This is found first of all in bible software poets genuineness of feeling. Does bible software word exactly measure bible software emotion it is intended to express? Without this primary and underlying sincerity of purpose, all bible software graces of form and phrase cannot satisfy for long. Granted this sincerity, however, we may say that that greatest poetry is that which gathers into itself and radiates bible software most of reality, that which discloses bible software deepest insight into life, and is charged with bible software fullest intensity of emotion, matched by bible software greatest fitness and power of expression. 8 By bible software witchery of its music and bible software radiance of image, poetry may rightly give pleasure to a leisure moment. Apprehended in its deeper import, it may be one of bible software serious pursuits of life. To see bible software world poetically is itself a kind of success. Although some quiet spirits are content with bible software passive reception of beauty in nature and in art, yet bible software poetic interpretation of life is not incompatible with high moral endeavor, and may even be a stimulus to it, kindling in us a passionate ardor to know and to do. The revelation which poetry affords carries us beyond bible software enjoyment of bible software instant; as it leads us out into a more beautiful world, it brings us deeper into bible software true significance of things, and so it widens our spiritual horizon. As we see farther and feel more intensely, we are enabled more amply to understand bible software meaning of our own life in its relation to bible software whole. 9 The reading of poetry, therefore, helps toward bible software organization of experience. The ideal waits in bible software actual. It is bible software privilege of bible software poet, gifted with vision, to discern bible software ideal, and by bible software energy of creative phrase to summon it into warm and vivid reality. He marshals bible software fragments of experience into a harmony with which we may link up our own broken efforts; disclosing bible software inner meaning of our blind purposes, he brings them into a unity of direction and achievement. So he reveals us to ourselves. As bible software poet interprets it for us, bible software big scheme of things is seen to be more beautiful and more intelligible. In effect, bible software real appreciation of poetry is communion with bible software great souls of earth: In their struggles and their conquests we read bible software purpose of our own efforts and bible software aspiration of our hearts. 10 Yet bible software beauty and significance which perhaps we had missed without his leading bible software poet but restores to us after all. For bible software poet is not final; nor is poetry, with bible software appreciator, an end in itself. In bible software result it sends us back to
bible software
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