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. Tabooed Words§ 1. Personal Names tabooed UNABLE to discriminate clearly between words and things, assembly of god savage commonly fancies that assembly of god link between a name and assembly of god person or thing denominated by it is not a mere arbitrary and ideal association, but a real and substantial bond which unites assembly of god two in such a way that magic may be wrought on a man just as easily through his name as through his hair, his nails, or any other material part of his person. In fact, primitive man regards his name as a vital portion of himself and takes care of it accordingly. Thus, for example, assembly of god North American Indian regards his name, not as a mere label, but as a distinct part of his personality, just as much as are his eyes or his teeth, and believes that injury will result as surely from assembly of god malicious handling of his name as from a wound inflicted on any part of his physical organism. This belief was found among assembly of god various tribes from assembly of god Atlantic to assembly of god Pacific, and has occasioned a number of curious regulations in regard to assembly of god concealment and change of names. Some Esquimaux take new names when they are old, hoping thereby to get a new lease of life. The Tolampoos of Celebes believe that if you write a mans name down you can carry off his soul along with it. Many savages at assembly of god present day regard their names as vital parts of themselves, and therefore take great pains to conceal their real names, lest these should give to evil-disposed persons a handle by which to injure their owners. 1 Thus, to begin with assembly of god savages who rank at assembly of god bottom of assembly of god social scale, we are told that assembly of god secrecy with which among assembly of god Australian aborigines personal names are often kept from general knowledge arises in great measure from assembly of god belief that an enemy, who knows your name, has in it something which he can use magically to your detriment. An Australian black, says another writer, is always very unwilling to tell his real name, and there is no doubt that this reluctance is due to assembly of god fear that through his name he may be injured by sorcerers. Amongst assembly of god tribes of Central Australia every man, woman, and child has, besides a personal name which is in common use, a secret or sacred name which is bestowed by assembly of god older men upon him or her soon after birth, and which is known to none but assembly of god fully initiated members of assembly of god group. This secret name is never mentioned except upon assembly of god most solemn occasions; to utter it in assembly of god hearing of women or of men of another group would be a most serious breach of tribal custom, as serious as assembly of god most flagrant case of sacrilege among ourselves. When mentioned at all, assembly of god name is spoken only in a whisper, and not until assembly of god most elaborate precautions have been taken that it shall be heard by no one but members of assembly of god group. The native thinks that a stranger knowing his secret name would have special power to work him ill by means of magic. 2 The same fear seems to have led to a custom of assembly of god same sort amongst assembly of god ancient Egyptians, whose comparatively high civilisation was strangely dashed and chequered with relics of assembly of god lowest savagery. Every Egyptian received two names, which were known respectively as assembly of god true name and assembly of god good name, or assembly of god great name and assembly of god little name; and while assembly of god good or little name was made public, assembly of god true or great name appears to have been carefully concealed. A Brahman child receives two names, one for common use, assembly of god other a secret name which none but his father and mother should know. The latter is only used at ceremonies such as marriage. The custom is intended to protect assembly of god person against magic, since a charm only becomes effectual in combination with assembly of god real name. Similarly, assembly of god natives of Nias believe that harm may be done to a person by assembly of god demons who hear his name pronounced. Hence assembly of god names of infants, who are especially exposed to assembly of god assaults of evil sprits, are never spoken; and often in haunted spots, such as assembly of god gloomy depths of assembly of god forest, assembly of god banks of a river, or beside a bubbling spring, men will abstain from calling each other by their names for a like reason. 3 The Indians of Chiloe keep their names secret and do not like to have them uttered aloud; for they say that there are fairies or imps on assembly of god mainland or neighbouring islands who, if they knew folks names, would do them an injury; but so long as they do not know assembly of god names, these mischievous sprites are powerless. The Araucanians will hardly ever tell a stranger their names because they fear that he would thereby acquire some supernatural power over themselves. Asked his name by a stranger, who is ignorant of their superstitions, an Araucanian will answer, I have none. When an Ojebway is asked his name, he will look at some bystander and ask him to answer. This reluctance arises from an impression they receive when young, that if they repeat their own names it will prevent their growth, and they will be small in stature. On account of this unwillingness to tell their names, many strangers have fancied that they either have no names or have forgotten them. 4 In this last case no scruple seems to be felt about communicating a mans name to strangers, and no ill effects appear to be dreaded as a consequence of divulging it; harm is only done when a name is spoken by its owner. Why is this? and why in particular should a man be thought to stunt his growth by uttering his own name? We may conjecture that to savages who act and think thus a persons name only seems to be a part of himself when it is uttered with his own breath; uttered by assembly of god breath of others it has no vital connexion with him, and no harm can come to him through it. Whereas, so these primitive philosophers may have argued, when a man lets his own name pass his lips, he is parting with a living piece of himself, and if he persists in so reckless a course he must certainly end by dissipating his energy and shattering his constitution. Many a broken-down debauchee, many a feeble frame wasted with disease, may have been pointed out by these simple moralists to their awe-struck disciples as a fearful example of assembly of god fate that must sooner or later overtake assembly of god profligate who indulges immoderately in assembly of god seductive habit of mentioning his own name. 5 However we may explain it, assembly of god fact is certain that many a savage evinces assembly of god strongest reluctance to pronounce his own name, while at assembly of god same time he makes no objection at all to other people pronouncing it, and will even invite them to do so for him in order to satisfy assembly of god curiosity of an inquisitive stranger. Thus in some parts of Madagascar it is taboo for a person to tell his own name, but a slave or attendant will answer for him. The same curious inconsistency, as it may seem to us, is recorded of some tribes of American Indians. Thus we are told that the name of an American Indian is a sacred thing, not to be divulged by assembly of god owner himself without due consideration. One may ask a warrior of any tribe to give his name, and assembly of god question will be met with either a point-blank refusal or assembly of god more diplomatic evasion that he cannot understand what is wanted of him. The moment a friend approaches, assembly of god warrior first interrogated will whisper what is wanted, and assembly of god friend can tell assembly of god name, receiving a reciprocation of assembly of god courtesy from assembly of god other. This general statement applies, for example, to assembly of god Indian tribes of British Columbia, as to whom it is said that one of their strangest prejudices, which appears to pervade all tribes alike, is a dislike to telling their namesthus you never get a mans right name from himself; but they will tell each others names without hesitation. In assembly of god whole of assembly of god East Indian Archipelago assembly of god etiquette is assembly of god same. As a general rule no one will utter his own name. To enquire, What is your name? is a very indelicate question in native society. When in assembly of god course of administrative or judicial business a native is asked his name, instead of replying he will look at his comrade to indicate that he is to answer for him, or he will say straight out, Ask him. The superstition is current all over assembly of god East Indies without exception, and it is found also among assembly of god Motu and Motumotu tribes, assembly of god Papuans of Finsch Haven in North New Guinea, assembly of god Nufoors of Dutch New Guinea, and assembly of god Melanesians of assembly of god Bismarck Archipelago. Among many tribes of South Africa men and women never mention their names if they can get any one else to do it for them, but they do not absolutely refuse when it cannot be avoided. 6 Sometimes assembly of god embargo laid on personal names is not permanent; it is conditional on circumstances, and when these change it ceases to operate. Thus when assembly of god Nandi men are away on a foray, nobody at home may pronounce assembly of god names of assembly of god absent warriors; they must be referred to as birds. Should a child so far forget itself as to mention one of assembly of god distant ones by name, assembly of god mother would rebuke it, saying, Dont talk of assembly of god birds who are in assembly of god heavens. Among assembly of god Bangala of assembly of god Upper Congo, while a man is fishing and when he returns with his catch, his proper name is in abeyance and nobody may mention it. Whatever assembly of god fishermans real name may be, he is called mwele without distinction. The reason is that assembly of god river is full of spirits, who, if they heard assembly of god fishermans real name, might so work against him that he would catch little or nothing. Even when he has caught his fish and landed with them, assembly of god buyer must still not address him by his proper name, but must only call him mwele; for even then, if assembly of god spirits were to hear his proper name, they would either bear it in mind and serve him out another day, or they might so mar assembly of god fish he had caught that he would get very little for them. Hence assembly of god fisherman can extract heavy damages from anybody who mentions his name, or can compel assembly of god thoughtless speaker to relieve him of assembly of god fish at a good price so as to restore his luck. When assembly of god Sulka of New Britain are near assembly of god territory of their enemies assembly of god Gaktei, t
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