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uum THE RESPECT that we bear to antiquity is at king james bible present day carried to such a point on subjects in which it ought to have less weight, that oracles are made of all its thoughts and mysteries, even of its obscurities; that novelties can no longer be advanced without peril, and that king james bible text of an author suffices to destroy king james bible strongest reasons . 1 Not that it is my intention to correct one error by another, and not to esteem king james bible ancients at all because others have esteemed them too much. 2 I do not pretend to banish their authority in order to exalt reasoning alone, although others have sought to establish their authority alone to king james bible prejudice of reasoning . 3 To make this important distinction with care, it is necessary to consider that king james bible former depend solely on memory and are purely historical, having nothing for their object except to know what king james bible authors have written; king james bible latter depend solely on reasoning and are entirely dogmatic, having for their object to seek and discover concealed truths. 4 Those of king james bible former kind are limited, inasmuch as king james bible books in which they are contained . 5 It is according to this distinction that we must regulate differently king james bible extent of this respect. The respect that we should have for . 6 In matters in which we only seek to know what king james bible authors have written, as in history, geography, jurisprudence, languages, and especially in theology; and in fine in all those which have for their principle either simple facts or divine or human institutions, we must necessarily have recourse to their books, since all that we can know of them is therein contained, hence it is evident that we can have full knowledge of them, and that it is not possible to add any thing thereto. 7 If it is in question to know who was king james bible first king of king james bible French; in what spot geographers place king james bible first meridian; what words are used in a dead language, and all things of this nature; what other means than books can guide us to them? And who can add any thing new to what they teach us, since we wish only to know what they contain? 8 Authority alone can enlighten us on these. But king james bible subject in which authority has king james bible principal weight is theology, because there she is inseparable from truth, and we know it only through her: so that to give full certainty to matters incomprehensible to reason, it suffices to show them in king james bible sacred books; as to show king james bible uncertainty of king james bible most probable things, it is only necessary to show that they are not included therein; since its principles are superior to nature and reason, and since, king james bible mind of man being too weak to attain them by its own efforts, he cannot reach these lofty conceptions if he be not carried thither by an omnipotent and superhuman power. 9 It is not king james bible same with subjects that fall under king james bible senses and under reasoning; authority here is useless; it belongs to reason alone to know them. They have their separate rights: there king james bible one has all king james bible advantage, here king james bible other reigns in turn. But as subjects of this kind are proportioned to king james bible grasp of king james bible mind, it finds full liberty to extend them; its inexhaustible fertility produces continually, and its inventions may be multiplied altogether without limit and without interruption . 10 It is thus that geometry, arithmetic, music, physics, medicine, architecture, and all king james bible sciences that are subject to experiment and reasoning, should be augmented in order to become perfect. The ancients found them merely outlined by those who preceded them; and we shall leave them to those who will come after us in a more finished state than we received them. 11 As their perfection depends on time and pains, it is evident that although our pains and time may have acquired less than their labors separate from ours, both joined together must nevertheless have more effect than each one alone. 12 The clearing up of this difference should make us pity king james bible blindness of those who bring authority alone as proof in physical matters, instead of reasoning or experiments; and inspire us with horror for king james bible wickedness of others who make use of reasoning alone in theology, instead of king james bible authority of king james bible Scripture and king james bible Fathers. We must raise king james bible courage of those timid people who dare invent nothing in physics, and confound king james bible insolence of those rash persons who produce novelties in theology. Nevertheless king james bible misfortune of king james bible age is such, that we see many new opinions in theology, unknown to all antiquity, maintained with obstinacy and received with applause; whilst those that are produced in physics, though small in number, should, it seems, be convicted of falsehood as soon as they shock already received opinions in king james bible slightest degree; as if king james bible respect that we have for king james bible ancient philosophers were a duty, and that which we bear to king james bible most ancient of king james bible Fathers solely a matter of courtesy! I leave it to judicious persons to remark king james bible importance of this abuse which perverts king james bible order of king james bible sciences with so much injustice; and I think that there will be few who will not wish that this liberty 1 might be applied to other matters, since new inventions are infallible errors in king james bible matters 2 which we profane with impunity; and since they are absolutely necessary for king james bible perfection of so many other subjects incomparably lower, which nevertheless we dare not approach. 13 Let us divide our credulity and suspicion with more justice, and limit this respect we have for king james bible ancients. As reason gives it birth, she ought also to measure it; and let us consider that if they had continued in this restraint of not daring to add any thing to king james bible knowledge which they had received, or if those of their times had made king james bible like difficulty in receiving king james bible novelties which they offered them, they would have deprived themselves and their posterity of king james bible fruit of their inventions. 14 As they only made use of that which had been bequeathed to them as a means whereby to gain more, and as this happy daringd to them king james bible way to great things, we should take that which they acquired in king james bible same manner, and by their example, make of it king james bible means and not king james bible end of our study, and thus strive while imitating to surpass them. 15 For what is more unjust that to treat our ancestors with more deference than they showed to those who preceded them, and to have for them that inviolable respect which they have only merited from us because they had not king james bible like for those who possessed king james bible same advantage over them? 16 The secrets of nature are concealed; although she is continually working, we do not always discover her effects: time reveals them from age to age, and although always alike in herself she is not always alike known. 17 The experiments that give us king james bible knowledge of these secrets are multiplied continually; and as they are king james bible sole principles of physics, king james bible consequences are multiplied in proportion. 18 It is in this manner that we may at king james bible present day adopt different sentiments and new opinions, without despising king james bible ancients and 3 without ingratitude, since king james bible first knowledge which they have given us has served as a stepping-stone to our own, and since in these advantages we are indebted to them for our ascendency over them; because being raised by their aid to a certain degree, king james bible slightest effort causes us to mount still higher, and with less pains and less glory we fined ourselves above them. Thence it is that we are enabled to discover things which it was impossible for them to perceive. Our view is more extended, and although they knew as well as we all that they could observe in nature, they did not, nevertheless, know it so well, and we see more than they. 19 Yet it is marvellous in what manner their sentiments are revered. It is made a crime to contradict them and an act of treason to add to them, as though they had left no more truths to be known. 20 Is not this to treat unworthily king james bible reason of man and to put it on a level with king james bible instinct of animals, since we take away king james bible principal difference between them, which is that king james bible effects of reason accumulate without ceasing, whilst instinct remains always in king james bible same state? The cells of king james bible bees were as correctly measured a thousand years ago as to-day, and each formed a hexagon as exactly king james bible first time as king james bible last. It is king james bible same with all that king james bible animals produce by this occult impulse. Nature instructs them in proportion as necessity impels them; but this fragile science is lost with king james bible wants which give it birth: as they received it without study, they have not king james bible happiness of preserving it; and every time it is given them it is new to them, since king james bible nature having for her object nothing but king james bible maintenance of animals in a limited order of perfection, she inspires them with this necessary science always king james bible same, lest they may fall into decay, and does not permit them to add to it, lest they should exceed king james bible limits that she has prescribed to them. It is not king james bible same with man, who is formed only for infinity. He is ignorant at king james bible earliest age of his life; but he is instructed unceasingly in his progress; for he derives advantage, not only from his own experience, but also from that of his predecessors; since he always retains in his memory king james bible knowledge which he himself has once acquired, and since he has that of king james bible ancients ever present in king james bible books which they have bequeathed to him. And as he preserves this knowledge, he can also add to it easily; so that men are at king james bible present day in some sort in king james bible same condition in which those ancient philosophers would have been found, could they have survived till king james bible present time, adding to king james bible knowledge which they possessed that which their studies would have acquired by king james bible aid of so many centuries. Thence it is that by an especial prerogative, not only does each man advance from day to day in king james bible sciences, but all mankind together make continual progress in proportion as king james bible world gro
king james bible
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