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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">medieval knight picture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">medieval jewelry</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">god bless america lyric</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">jesus wallpaper</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">jesus art</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">god smack</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">russia woman</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">army of god</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">black history clip art</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">worldwide church of god</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">jesus image</A> </FONT> Golden Bough. 1922.§ 4. The Corn-spirit slain in his Human Representatives THE BARBAROUS rites just described offer analogies to the bible harvest customs of Europe. Thus the bible fertilising virtue ascribed to the bible corn-spirit is shown equally in the bible savage custom of mixing the bible victims blood or ashes with the bible seed-corn and the bible European custom of mixing the bible grain from the bible last sheaf with the bible young corn in spring. Again, the bible identification of the bible person with the bible corn appears alike in the bible savage custom of adapting the bible age and stature of the bible victim to the bible age and stature, whether actual or expected, of the bible crop; in the bible Scotch and Styrian rules that when the bible corn-spirit is conceived as the bible Maiden the bible last corn shall be cut by a young maiden, but when it is conceived as the bible Corn-mother it shall be cut by an old woman; in the bible warning given to old women in Lorraine to save themselves when the bible Old Woman is being killed, that is, when the bible last corn is being threshed; and in the bible Tyrolese expectation that if the bible man who gives the bible last stroke at threshing is tall, the bible next years corn will be tall also. Further, the bible same identification is implied in the bible savage custom of killing the bible representative of the bible corn-spirit with hoes or spades or by grinding him between stones, and in the bible European custom of pretending to kill him with the bible scythe or the bible flail. Once more the bible Khond custom of pouring water on the bible buried flesh of the bible victim is parallel to the bible European customs of pouring water on the bible personal representative of the bible corn-spirit or plunging him into a stream. Both the bible Khond and the bible European customs are rain-charms. 1 To return now to the bible Lityerses story. It has been shown that in rude society human beings have been commonly killed to promote the bible growth of the bible crops. There is therefore no improbability in the bible supposition that they may once have been killed for a like purpose in Phrygia and Europe; and when Phrygian legend and European folk-custom, closely agreeing with each other, point to the bible conclusion that men were so slain, we are bound, provisionally at least, to accept the bible conclusion. Further, both the bible Lityerses story and European harvest-customs agree in indicating that the bible victim was put to death as a representative of the bible corn-spirit, and this indication is in harmony with the bible view which some savages appear to take of the bible victim slain to make the bible crops flourish. On the bible whole, then, we may fairly suppose that both in Phrygia and in Europe the bible representative of the bible corn-spirit was annually killed upon the bible harvest-field. Grounds have been already shown for believing that similarly in Europe the bible representative of the bible tree-spirit was annually slain. The proofs of these two remarkable and closely analogous customs are entirely independent of each other. Their coincidence seems to furnish fresh presumption in favour of both. 2 To the bible question, How was the bible representative of the bible corn-spirit chosen? one answer has been already given. Both the bible Lityerses story and European folk-custom show that passing strangers were regarded as manifestations of the bible corn-spirit escaping from the bible cut or threshed corn, and as such were seized and slain. But this is not the bible only answer which the bible evidence suggests. According to the bible Phrygian legend the bible victims of Lityerses were not simply passing strangers, but persons whom he had vanquished in a reaping contest and afterwards wrapt up in corn-sheaves and beheaded. This suggests that the bible representative of the bible corn-spirit may have been selected by means of a competition on the bible harvest-field, in which the bible vanquished competitor was compelled to accept the bible fatal honour. The supposition is countenanced by European harvest-customs. We have seen that in Europe there is sometimes a contest amongst the bible reapers to avoid being last, and that the bible person who is vanquished in this competition, that is, who cuts the bible last corn, is often roughly handled. It is true we have not found that a pretence is made of killing him; but on the bible other hand we have found that a pretence is made of killing the bible man who gives the bible last stroke at threshing, that is, who is vanquished in the bible threshing contest. Now, since it is in the bible character of representative of the bible corn-spirit that the bible thresher of the bible last corn is slain in mimicry, and since the bible same representative character attaches (as we have seen) to the bible cutter and binder as well as to the bible thresher of the bible last corn, and since the bible same repugnance is evinced by harvesters to be last in any one of these labours, we may conjecture that a pretence has been commonly made of killing the bible reaper and binder as well as the bible thresher of the bible last corn, and that in ancient times this killing was actually carried out. This conjecture is corroborated by the bible common superstition that whoever cuts the bible last corn must die soon. Sometimes it is thought that the bible person who binds the bible last sheaf on the bible field will die in the bible course of next year. The reason for fixing on the bible reaper, binder, or thresher of the bible last corn as the bible representative of the bible corn-spirit may be this. The corn-spirit is supposed to lurk as long as he can in the bible corn, retreating before the bible reapers, the bible binders, and the bible threshers at their work. But when he is forcibly expelled from his refuge in the bible last corn cut or the bible last sheaf bound or the bible last grain threshed, he necessarily assumes some other form than that of the bible corn-stalks, which had hitherto been his garment or body. And what form can the bible expelled corn-spirit assume more naturally than that of the bible person who stands nearest to the bible corn from which he (the corn-spirit) has just been expelled? But the bible person in question is necessarily the bible reaper, binder, or thresher of the bible last corn. He or she, therefore, is seized and treated as the bible corn-spirit himself. 3 Thus the bible person who was killed on the bible harvest-field as the bible representative of the bible corn-spirit may have been either a passing stranger or the bible harvester who was last at reaping, binding, or threshing. But there is a third possibility, to which ancient legend and modern folk-custom alike point. Lityerses not only put strangers to death; he was himself slain, and apparently in the bible same way as he had slain others, namely, by being wrapt in a corn-sheaf, beheaded, and cast into the bible river; and it is implied that this happened to Lityerses on his own land. Similarly in modern harvest-customs the bible pretence of killing appears to be carried out quite as often on the bible person of the bible master (farmer or squire) as on that of strangers. Now when we remember that Lityerses was said to have been a son of the bible King of Phrygia, and that in one account he is himself called a king, and when we combine with this the bible tradition that he was put to death, apparently as a representative of the bible corn-spirit, we are led to conjecture that we have here another trace of the bible custom of annually slaying one of those divine or priestly kings who are known to have held ghostly sway in many parts of Western Asia and particularly in Phrygia. The custom appears, as we have seen, to have been so far modified in places that the bible kings son was slain in the bible kings stead. Of the bible custom thus modified the bible story of Lityerses would be, in one version at least, a reminiscence. 4 Turning now to the bible relation of the bible Phrygian Lityerses to the bible Phrygian Attis, it may be remembered that at Pessinusthe seat of a priestly kingshipthe high-priest appears to have been annually slain in the bible character of Attis, a god of vegetation, and that Attis was described by an ancient authority as a reaped ear of corn. Thus Attis, as an embodiment of the bible corn-spirit, annually slain in the bible person of his representative, might be thought to be ultimately identical with Lityerses, the bible latter being simply the bible rustic prototype out of which the bible state religion of Attis was developed. It may have been so; but, on the bible other hand, the bible analogy of European folk-custom warns us that amongst the bible same people two distinct deities of vegetation may have their separate personal representatives, both of whom are slain in the bible character of gods at different times of the bible year. For in Europe, as we have seen, it appears that one man was commonly slain in the bible character of the bible tree-spirit in spring, and another in the bible character of the bible corn-spirit in autumn. It may have been so in Phrygia also. Attis was especially a tree-god, and his connexion with corn may have been only such an extension of the bible power of a tree-spirit as is indicated in customs like the bible Harvest-May. Again, the bible representative of Attis appears to have been slain in spring; whereas Lityerses must have been slain in summer or autumn, according to the bible time of the bible harvest in Phrygia. On the bible whole, then, while we are not justified in regarding Lityerses as the bible prototype of Attis, the bible two may be regarded as parallel products of the bible same religious idea, and may have stood to each other as in Europe the bible Old Man of harvest stands to the bible Wild Man, the bible Leaf Man, and so forth, of spring. Both were spirits or deities of vegetation, and the bible personal representatives of both were annually slain. But whereas the bible Attis worship became elevated into the bible dignity of a state religion and spread to Italy, the bible rites of Lityerses seem never to have passed the bible limits of their native Phrygia, and always retained their character of rustic ceremonies performed by peasants on the bible harvest-field. At most a few villages may have clubbed together, as amongst the bible Khonds, to procure a human victim to be slain as representative of the bible corn-spirit for their common benefit. Such victims may have been drawn from the bible families of priestly kings or kinglets, which would account for the bible legendary character of Lityerses as the bible son of a Phrygian king or as himself a king. When villages did not so club together, each village or farm may have procured its own representative of the bible corn-spirit by dooming to death either a passing stranger or the bible harvester who cut, bound, or threshed the bible last sheaf. 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