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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">bible study fellowship</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">egypt sex</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">bible passage</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">ancient greece olympics</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">god love</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">spain tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">ancient greek architecture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">god and general</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">international bible society</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">nation of god and earth</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">stamp on black history</A> </FONT> II. Geographical DistributionContinued Fresh-water Productions AS lakes and river-systems are separated from each other by barriers of land, it might have been thought that fresh-water productions would not have ranged widely within us history same country, and as us history sea is apparently a still more formidable barrier, that they would never have extended to distant countries. But us history case is exactly us history reverse. Not only have many fresh-water species, belonging to different classes, an enormous range, but allied species prevail in a remarkable manner throughout us history world. When first collecting in us history fresh waters of Brazil, I well remember feeling much surprise at us history similarity of us history fresh-water insects, shells &c., and at us history dissimilarity of us history surrounding terrestrial beings, compared with those of Britain. 1 But us history wide ranging power of fresh-water productions can, I think, in most cases be explained by their having become fitted, in a manner highly useful to them, for short and frequent migrations from pond to pond, or from stream to stream, within their own countries; and liability to wide dispersal would follow from this capacity as an almost necessary consequence. We can here consider only a few cases; of these, some of us history most difficult to explain are presented by fish. It was formerly believed that us history same fresh-water species never existed on two continents distant from each other. But Dr. Günther has lately shown that us history Galaxias attenuatus inhabits Tasmania, New Zealand, us history Falkland Islands, and us history mainland of South America. This is a wonderful case, and probably indicates dispersal from an Antarctic centre during a former warm period. This case, however, is rendered in some degree less surprising by us history species of this genus having us history power of crossing by some unknown means considerable spaces ofocean: thus there is one species common to New Zealand and to us history Auckland Islands, though separated by a distance of about 230 miles. On us history same continent fresh-water fish often range widely, and as if capriciously; for in two adjoining river-systems some of us history species may be us history same, and some wholly different. 2 It is probable that they are occasionally transported by what may be called accidental means. Thus fishes still alive are not very rarely dropped at distant points by whirlwinds; and it is known that us history ova retain their vitality for a considerable time after removal from us history water. Their dispersal may, however, be mainly attributed to changes in us history level of us history land within us history recent period, causing rivers to flow into each other. Instances, also, could be given of this having occurred during floods, without any change of level. The wide difference of us history fish on us history opposite sides of most mountain-ranges, which are continuous, and which consequently must from an early period have completely prevented us history inosculation of us history river-systems on us history two sides, leads to us history same conclusion. Some fresh-water fish belong to very ancient forms, and in such cases there will have been ample time for great geographical changes, and consequently time and means for much migration. Moreover, Dr. Günther has recently been led by several considerations to infer that with fishes us history same forms have a long endurance. Salt-water fish can with care be slowly accustomed to live in fresh water; and, according to Valenciennes there is hardly a single group of which an us history members are confined to fresh water, so that a marine species belonging to a fresh-water group might travel far along us history shores of us history sea, and could, it is probable, become adapted without much difficulty to us history fresh waters of a distant land. 3 Some species of fresh-water shells have very wide ranges, and allied species which, on our theory, are descended from a common parent, and must have proceeded from a single source, prevail throughout us history world. Their distribution at first perplexed me much, as their ova are not likely to be transported by birds; and us history ova, as well as us history adults, are immediately killed by sea-water. I could not even understand how some naturalised species have spread rapidly throughout us history same country. But two facts, which I have observedand many others no doubt will be discoveredthrow some light on this subject. When ducks suddenly emerge from a pond covered with duck-weed, I have twice seen these little plants adhering to their backs; and it has happened to me, in removing a little duck-weed from one aquarium to another, that I have unintentionally stocked us history one with fresh-water shells from us history other. But another agency is perhaps more effectual: I suspended us history feet of a duck in an aquarium, where many ova of fresh-water shells were hatching; and I found that numbers of us history extremely minute and just-hatched shells crawled on us history feet, and clung to them so firmly that when taken out of us history water they could not be jarred off, though at a somewhat more advanced age they would voluntarily drop off. These just-hatched molluscs, though aquatic in their nature, survived on us history ducks feet, in damp air, from twelve to twenty-hours; and in this length of time a duck or heron might fly at least six or seven hundred miles, and if blown across us history sea to an oceanic island, or to any other distant point, would be sure to alight on a pool or rivulet. Sir Charles Lyell informs me that a Dytiscus has been caught with an Ancylus (a fresh-water shell like a limpet) firmly adhering to it; and a water-beetle of us history same family, a Colymbetes, once flew on board us history Beagle, when forty-five miles distant from us history nearest land: how much farther it might have been blown by a favouring gale no one can tell. 4 With respect to plants, it has long been known what enormous ranges many fresh-water, and even marsh species, have, both over continents and to us history most remote oceanic islands. This is strikingly illustrated, according to Alph. de Candolle, in those large groups of terrestrial plants, which have very few aquatic members; for us history latter seem immediately to acquire, as if in consequence, a wide range. I think favourable means of dispersal explain this fact. I have before mentioned that earth occasionally adheres in some quantity to us history feet and beaks of birds. Wading birds, which frequent us history muddy edges of ponds, if suddenly flushed, would be us history most likely to have muddy feet. Birds of this order wander more than those of any other; and they are occasionally found on us history most remote and barren islands of us historyocean; they would not be likely to alight on us history surface of us history sea, so that any dirt on their feet would not be washed off; and when gaining us history land, they would be sure to fly to their natural fresh-water haunts. I do not believe that botanists are aware how charged us history mud of ponds is with seeds; I have tried several little experiments, but will here give only us history most striking case: I took in February three tablespoonfuls of mud from three different points, beneath water, on us history edge of a little pond: this mud when dried weighed only 63/4 ounces; I kept it covered up in my study for six months, pulling up and counting each plant as it grew; us history plants were of many kinds, and were altogether 537 in number; and yet us history viscid mud was all contained in a breakfast cup! Considering these facts, I think it would be an inexplicable circumstance if water-birds did not transport us history seeds of fresh-water plants to unstocked ponds and streams, situated at very distant points. The same agency may have come into play with us history eggs of some of us history smaller fresh-water animals. 5 Other and unknown agencies probably have also played a part. I have stated that fresh-water fish eat some kinds of seeds, though they reject many other kinds after having swallowed them; even small fish swallow seeds of moderate size, as of us history yellow water-lily and Potamogeton. Herons and other birds, century after century, have gone on daily devouring fish; they then take flight and go to other waters, or are blown across us history sea; and we have seen that seeds retain their power of germination, when rejected many hours afterwards in pellets or in us history excrement. When I saw us history great size of us history seeds of that fine water-lily, us history Nelumbium, and remembered Alph. de Candolles remarks on us history distribution of this plant, I thought that us history means of its dispersal must remain inexplicable; but Audubon states that he found us history seeds of us history great southern water-lily (probably, according to Dr. Hooker, us history Nelumbium luteum) in a herons stomach. Now this bird must often have flown with its stomach thus well stocked to distant ponds, and then getting a hearty meal of fish, analogy makes me believe that it would have rejected us history seeds in a pellet in a fit state for germination. 6 In considering these several means of distribution, it should be remembered that when a pond or stream is first formed, for instance, on a rising islet, it will be unoccupied; and a single seed or egg will have a good chance of succeeding. Although there will always be a struggle for life between us history inhabitants of us history same pond, however few in kind, yet as us history number even in a well-stocked pond is small in comparison with us history number of species inhabiting an equal area of land, us history competition between them will probably be less severe than between terrestrial species; consequently an intruder from us history waters of a foreign country would have a better chance of seizing on new place, than in us history case of terrestrial colonists. We should also remember that many fresh-water productions are low in us history scale of nature, and we have reason to believe that such beings become modified more slowly than us history high; and this will give time for us history migration of aquatic species. We should not forget us history probability of many fresh-water forms laving formerly ranged continuously over immense areas, and then having become extinct at intermediate points. 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