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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">paul mccartney tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">tour date</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">ancient civilization</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">their eyes were watching god</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">hindu god</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">united state history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">european history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">bible scripture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">free bible</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">womens history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">egypt visa</A> </FONT> US CAECILIUS SECUNDUS, usually known as Pliny the Younger, was born at Como in 62 A. D. He was only eight years old when his father, Cæcilius, died, and he was adopted by his uncle, the elder Pliny, author of the Natural History. He was carefully educated, studying rhetoric under Quintilian and other famous teachers, and he became the most eloquent pleader of his time. In this and in much else he imitated Cicero, who had by this time come to be the recognized master of Latin style. While still young he served as military tribune in Syria, but he does not seem to have taken zealously to a soldiers life. On his return he entered politics under the Emperor Domitian, and in the year 100 A. D. was appointed consul by Trajan and admitted to confidential intercourse with that emperor. Later, while he was governor of Bithynia, he was in the habit of submitting every point of policy to his master, and the correspondence between Trajan and himself, which forms the last part of the present selection, is of a high degree of interest, both on account of the subjects discussed and for the light thrown upon the characters of the two men. He is supposed to have died about 113 A. D. Plinys speeches are now lost, with the exception of one, a panegyric on Trajan delivered in thanksgiving for the consulate. This, though diffuse and somewhat too complimentary for modern taste, became a model for this kind of composition. The others were mostly of two classes, forensic and political, many of the latter being, like Ciceros speech against Verres, impeachments of provincial governors for cruelty and extortion toward their subjects. In these, as in his public activities in general, he appears as a man of public spirit and integrity; and in his relations with his native town he was a thoughtful and munificent benefactor. 1 The letters, on which to-day his fame mainly rests, were largely written with a view to publication, and were arranged by Pliny himself. They thus lack the spontaneity of Ciceros impulsive utterances, but to most modern readers who are not special students of Roman history they are even more interesting. They deal with a great variety of subjects: the description of a Roman villa; the charms of country life; the reluctance of people to attend authors readings and to listen when they were present; a dinner party; legacy-hunting in ancient Rome; the acquisition of a piece of statuary; his love for his young wife; ghost stories; floating islands, a tame dolphin, and other marvels. But by far the best-known are those describing the great eruption of Vesuvius in which his uncle perished, a martyr to scientific curiosity, and the letter to Trajan on his attempts to suppress Christianity in Bithynia, with Trajans reply approving his policy. Taken altogether, these letters give an absorbingly vivid picture of the days of the early empire, and of the interests of a cultivated Roman gentleman of wealth. Occasionally, as in the last letters referred to, they deal with important historical events; but their chief value is in bringing before us, in somewhat the same manner as The Spectator pictures the England of the age of Anne, the life of a time which is not so unlike our own as its distance in years might indicate. And in this time by no means the least interesting figure is that of the letter-writer himself, with his vanity and self-importance, his sensibility and generous affection, his pedantry and his loyalty. 2 CONTENTS · BOOK CONTENTS · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDNEXT Search Amazon: Click here to shop the Bookstore.Welcome · Press <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> aztec god picture</A></b> <br> Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians III [1] ARE we beginning again to commend ourselves? or need we, as do some, epistles of commendation to you or from you?[2] Ye are our epistle, written in our hearts, known and read of all men;[3] being made manifest that ye are an epistle of Christ, ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in tables that are hearts of flesh.[4] And such confidence have we through Christ to God-ward:[5] not that we are sufficient of ourselves, to account anything as from ourselves; but our sufficiency is from God;[6] who also made us sufficient as ministers of a new covenant; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.[7] But if the ministration of death, written, 1 and engraven on stones, came with 2 glory, so that the children of Israel could not look stedfastly upon the face of Moses for the glory of his face; which glory was 3 passing away:[8] how shall not rather the ministration of the spirit be with glory?[9] For 4 if the ministration of condemnation hath glory, much rather doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory.[10] For verily that which hath been made glorious hath not been made glorious in this respect, by reason of the glory that surpasseth.[11] For if that which passeth 5 away was with 6 glory, much more that which remaineth is in glory.[12] Having therefore such a hope, we use great boldness of speech,[13] and are not as Moses, who put a veil upon his face, that the children of Isreal should not look stedfastly on 7 the end of that which was 8 passing away:[14] but their minds 9 were hardened: for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remaineth, 10 it not being revealed to them that it is done away in Christ.[15] But unto this day, whensoever Moses is read, a veil lieth upon their heart.[16] But whensoever it 11 shall turn to the Lord is the Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.[18] But we all, with unveiled face beholding 12 as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are transformed into the same image from glory to glory, even as from the Lord the Spirit. Note 1. Gr. in letters. [back]Note 2. Gr. in. [back]Note 3. Or, was being done away. Comp. 1 Cor. 13. 8, 10. [back]Note 4. Many ancient authorities read, For if the ministration of condemnation is glory. [back]Note 5. Or, is being done away. See ver. 7 marg. [back]Note 6. Gr. through. [back]Note 7. Or, unto. [back]Note 8. Or, was being done away. See ver. 7 marg. [back]Note 9. Gr. thoughts. Ch. 4. 4; 11. 3. [back]Note 10. Or, remaineth unlifted; which veil is done away. [back]Note 11. Or, a man shall turn. [back]Note 12. Or, reflecting as a mirror. [back] CONTENTS · BOOK CONTENTS · BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD PREVIOUSNEXT Search Amazon: Click here to shop the Bookstore.Welcome · Press <b> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> moscow circus</A></b> <br> II. Geographical DistributionContinued Absence of Batrachians and Terrestrial Mammals on Oceanic Islands WITH respect to the absence of whole orders of animals on oceanic islands, Bory St. Vincent long ago remarked that batrachians (frogs, toads, newts) are never found on any of the many islands with which the great oceans are studded. I have taken pains to verify this assertion, and have found it true, with the exception of New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Andaman Islands, and perhaps the Solomon Islands and the Seychelles. But I have already remarked that it is doubtful whether New Zealand and New Caledonia ought to be classed as oceanic islands; and this is still more doubtful with respect to the Andaman and Solomon groups and the Seychelles. This general absence of frogs, toads, and newts on so many true oceanic islands cannot be accounted for by their physical conditions: indeed it seems that islands are peculiarly fitted for these animals; for frogs have been introduced into Madeira, the Azores, and Mauritius, and have multiplied so as to become a nuisance. But as these animals and their spawn are immediately killed (with the exception, as far as known, of one Indian species) by sea-water, there would be great difficulty in their transportal across the sea, and therefore we can see why they do not exist on strictly oceanic islands. But why, on the theory of creation, they should not have been created there, it would be very difficult to explain. 1 Mammals offer another and similar case. I have carefully searched the oldest voyages, and have not found a single instance, free from doubt, of a terrestrial mammal (excluding domesticated animals kept by the natives) inhabiting an island situated above 300 miles from a continent or great continental island; and many islands situated at a much less distance are equally barren. The Falkland Islands, which are inhabited by a wolf-like fox, come nearest to an exception; but this group cannot be considered as oceanic, as it lies on a bank in connection with the mainland at the distance of about 280 miles; moreover, icebergs formerly brought boulders to its western shores, and they may have formerly transported foxes, as now frequently happens in the arctic regions. Yet it cannot be said that small islands will not support at least small mammals, for they occur in many parts of the world on very small islands, when lying close to a continent; and hardly an island can be named on which our smaller quadrupeds have not become naturalised and greatly multiplied. It cannot be said, on the ordinary view of creation, that there has not been time for the creation of mammals; many volcanic islands are sufficiently ancient, as shown by the stupendous degradation which they have suffered, and by their tertiary strata: there has also been time for the production of endemic species belonging to other classes; and on continents it is known that new species of mammals appear and disappear at a quicker rate than other and lower animals. Although terrestrial mammals do not occur on oceanic islands, aërial mammals do occur on almost every island. New Zealand possesses two bats found nowhere else in the world: Norfolk Island, the Viti Archipelago, the Bonin Islands, the Caroline and Marianne Archipelagoes, and Mauritius, all possess their peculiar bats. Why, it may be asked, has the supposed creative force produced bats and no other mammals on remote islands? On my view this question can easily be answered; for no terrestrial mammal can be transported across a wide space of sea, but bats can fly across. Bats have been seen wandering by day far over the Atlantic Ocean; and two North American species either regularly or occasionally visit Bermuda, at the distance of 600 miles from the mainland. I hear from Mr. Tomes, who has specially studied this family, that many species have enormous ranges, and are found on continents and on far distant islands. Hence we have only to suppose that such wandering species have been modified in their new homes in relation to their new position, and we can understand the presence of endemic bats on oceanic islands, with the absence of all other terrestrial mammals. 2 Another interesting relation exists, namely, between the depth of the sea separating islands from each other or from the nearest continent, and the degree of affinity of their mammalian inhabitants. Mr. Windsor Earl has made some striking observations on this head, since greatly extended by Mr. Wallaces admirable researches, in regard to the great Malay Archipelago, which is traversed near Celebes by a space of deep ocean, and this separates two widely distinct mammalian faunas. On either side the islands stand on a moderately shallow submarine bank, and these islands are inhabited by the same or by closely allied quadrupeds. I have not as yet had time to follow up this subject in all quarters of the world; but as far as I have gone, the relation holds good. For instance, Britain is separated by a shallow channel from Europe, and the mammals are the same on both sides; and so it is with all the islands near the shores of Australia. The West Indian Islands, on the other hand, stand on a deeply submerged bank, nearly 1000 fathoms in depth, and here we find American forms, but the species and even the genera are quite distinct. As the amount of modification which animals of all kinds undergo partly depends on the lapse of time, and as the islands which are separated from each other or from the mainland by shallow channels, are more likely to have been continuously united within a recent period than the islands separated by deeper channels, we can understand how it is that a relation exists between the depth of the sea separating two mammalian faunas, and the degree of their affinity,a relation which is quite inexplicable on the theory of independent acts of creation. 3 The foregoing statements in regard to the inhabitants of oceanic islands,namely, the fewness of the species, with a large proportion consisting of endemic forms,the members of certain groups, but not those of other groups in the same class, having been modified,the absence of certain whole orders, as of batrachians and of terrestrial mammals, notwithstanding the presence of aërial bats,the singular proportions of certain orders of plants,herbaceous forms having been developed into trees, &c.,seem to me to accord better with the belief in the efficiency of occasional means of transport, carried on during a long course of time, than with the belief in the former connection of all oceanic islands with the nearest continent; for on this latter view it is probable that the various classes would have immigrated more uniformly, and from the species having entered in a body their mutual relations would not have been much disturbed, and consequently they would either have not been modified, or all the species in a more equable manner. 4 I do not deny that there are many and serious difficulties in understanding how many Of the inhabitants of the inhabitants of the more remote islands, whether still retaining the same specific form or subsequently modified, have reached their present homes. But the probability of other islands having once existed as halting-places, of which not a wreck now remains, must not be overlooked. I will specify one difficult case. Almost all oceanic islands, even the most isolated and smallest, are inhabited by landshells, generally by endemic species, but sometimes by species found elsewhere,striking instances of which have been given by Dr. A. A. Gould in relation to the Pacific. Now it is notorious that land-shells are easily killed by sea-water; their eggs, at least such as I have tried, sink in it and are killed. Yet there must be some unknown, but occasionally efficient means for their transportal. Would the just-hatched young sometimes adhere to the feet of birds roosting on the ground, and thus get transported? It occurred to me that landshells, when hibernating and having a membranous diaphragm over the mouth of the shell, might be floated in chinks of drifted timber across moderately wide arms of the sea. And I find that several species in this state withstand uninjured an immersion in sea-water during seven days: one shell, the Helix pomatia, after having been thus treated and again hibernating was put into sea-water for twenty days, and perfectly recovered. During this length of time the shell might have been carried by a marine current of average swiftness, to a distance of 660 geographical miles. As this Helix has a thick calcareous operculum, I removed it, and when it had formed a new membranous one, I again immersed it for fourteen days in sea-water, and again it recovered and crawled away. Baron Aucapitaine has since tried similar experiments: he placed 100 landshells, belonging to ten species, in a box pierced with holes, and immersed it for a fortnight in the sea. Out of the hundred shells, twenty-seven recovered. The presence of an operculum seems to have been of importance, as out of twelve specimens of Cyclostoma elegans, which is thus furnished, eleven revived. It is remarkable, seeing how well the Helix pomatia resisted with me the salt-water, that not one of fifty-four specimens belonging to four other species of Helix tried by Aucapitaine, recovered. 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