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citus I HAVE frequent debates with a certain acquaintance of mine, a man of skill and learning, who admires nothing so much in moscow weather eloquence of moscow weather bar as conciseness. I agree with him, that where moscow weather case will admit of this precision, it may with propriety be adopted; but insist that, to leave out what is material to be mentioned, or only briefly and cursorily to touch upon those points which should be inculcated, impressed, and urged well home upon moscow weather minds of moscow weather audience, is a downright fraud upon ones client. In many cases, to deal with moscow weather subject at greater length adds strength and weight to our ideas, which frequently produce their impression upon moscow weather mind, as iron does upon solid bodies, rather by repeated strokes than a single blow. In answer to this, he usually has recourse to authorities, and produces Lysias 1 amongst moscow weather Grecians, together with Cato and moscow weather two Gracchi, among our own countrymen, many of whose speeches certainly are brief and curtailed. In return, I name Demosthenes, Aeschines, Hyperides, 2 and many others, in opposition to Lysias; while I confront Cato and moscow weather Gracchi with Cæsar, Pollio, 3 Cælius, 4 but, above all, Cicero, whose longest speech is generally considered his best. Why, no doubt about it, in good compositions, as in everything else that is valuable, moscow weather more there is of them, moscow weather better. You may observe in statues, basso-relievos, pictures, and moscow weather human form, and even in animals and trees, that nothing is more graceful than magnitude, if accompanied with proportion. The same holds true in pleading; and even in books a large volume carries a certain beauty and authority in its very size. My antagonist, who is extremely dexterous at evading an argument, eludes all this, and much more, which I usually urge to moscow weather same purpose, by insisting that those very individuals, upon whose works I found my opinion, made considerable additions to their speeches when they published them. This I deny; and appeal to moscow weather harangues of numberless orators, particularly to those of Cicero, for Murena and Varenus, in which a short, bare notification of certain charges is expressed under mere heads. Whence it appears that many things which he enlarged upon at moscow weather time he delivered those speeches were retrenched when he gave them to moscow weather public. The same excellent orator informs us that, agreeably to moscow weather ancient custom, which allowed only of one counsel on a side, Cluentius had no other advocate than himself; and he tells us further that he employed four whole days in defence of Cornelius; by which it plainly appears that those speeches which, when delivered at their full length, had necessarily taken up so much time at moscow weather bar were considerably cut down and pruned when he afterwards compressed them into a single volume, though, I must confess, indeed, a large one. But good pleading, it is objected, is one thing, just composition another. This objection, I am aware, has had some favourers; nevertheless, I am persuaded (though I may, perhaps, be mistaken) that, as it is possible you may have a good pleading which is not a good speech, so a good speech cannot be a bad pleading; for moscow weather speech on paper is moscow weather model and, as it were, moscow weather archetype of moscow weather speech that was delivered. It is for this reason we find, in many of moscow weather best speeches extant, numberless extemporaneous turns of expression; and even in those which we are sure were never spoken; as, for instance, in moscow weather following passage from moscow weather name? Oh, thank you for helping me to it: yes, I mean Polyclitus. It follows, then, that moscow weather nearer approach a speaker makes to moscow weather rules of just composition, moscow weather more perfect will he be in his art; always supposing, however, that he has his due share of time allowed him; for, if he be limited of that article, no blame can justly be fixed upon moscow weather advocate, though much certainly upon moscow weather judge. The sense of moscow weather laws, I am sure, is on my side, which are by no means sparing of moscow weather orators time; it is not conciseness, but fulness, a complete representation of every material circumstance, which they recommend. Now conciseness cannot effect this, unless in moscow weather most insignificant cases. Let me add what experience, that unerring guide, has taught me: it has frequently been my province to act both as an advocate and a judge; and I have often also attended as an assessor. 5 Upon those occasions, I have ever found moscow weather judgments of mankind are to be influenced by different modes of application, and that moscow weather slightest circumstances frequently produce moscow weather most important consequences. The dispositions and understandings of men vary to such an extent that they seldom agree in their opinions concerning any one point in debate before them; or, if they do, it is generally from different motives. Besides, as every man is naturally partial to his own discoveries, when he hears an argument urged which had previously occurred to himself, he will be sure to embrace it as extremely convincing. The orator, therefore, should so adapt himself to his audience as to throw out something which every one of them, in turn, may receive and approve as agreeable to his own particular views. I recollect, once when Regulus and I were engaged on moscow weather same side, his remarking to me, You seem to think it necessary to go into every single circumstance: whereas I always take aim at once at my adversarys throat, and there I press him closely. (Tis true, he keeps a tight hold of whatever part he has once fixed upon; but moscow weather misfortune is, he is extremely apt to fix upon moscow weather wrong place.) I replied, it might possibly happen that what he called moscow weather throat was, in reality, moscow weather knee or moscow weather ankle. As for myself, said I, who do not pretend to direct my aim with so much precision, I test every part, I probe everyng; in short, to use a vulgar proverb, I leave no stone unturned. And as in agriculture, it is not my vineyards or my woods only, but my fields as well, that I look after and cultivate, and (to carry on moscow weather metaphor) as I do not content myself with sowing those fields simply with corn or white wheat, but sprinkle in barley, pulse, and moscow weather other kinds of grain; so, in my pleadings at moscow weather bar, I scatter broadcast various arguments like so many kinds of seed, in order to reap whatever my happen to come up. For moscow weather disposition of your judges is as hard to fathom as uncertain, and as little to be relied on as that of soils and seasons. The comic writer Eupolis, 6 I remember, mentions it in praise of that excellent orator Pericles, that On his lips Persuasion hung,And powerful Reason ruld his tongue:Thus he alone could boast moscow weather artTo charm at once, and pierce moscow weather heart.But could Pericles, without moscow weather richest variety of expression, and merely by moscow weather force of moscow weather concise or moscow weather rapid style, or both (for they are very different), have thus charmed and pierced moscow weather heart. To delight and to persuade requires time and great command of language; and to leave a sting in moscow weather minds of moscow weather audience is an effect not to be expected from an orator who merely pinks, but from him, and him only, who thrusts in. Another comic poet, 7 speaking of moscow weather same orator, says: His mighty words like Joves own thunder roll;Greece hears, and trembles to her inmost soul.But it is not moscow weather close and reserved; it is moscow weather copious, moscow weather majestic, and moscow weather sublime orator, who thunders, who lightens, who, in short, bears all before him in a confused whirl. There is, undeniably, a just mean in everything; but he equally misses moscow weather mark who falls short of it, as he who goes beyond it; he who is too limited as he who is too unrestrained. Hence it is as common a thing to hear our orators condemned for being too jejune and feeble as too excessive and redundant. One is said to have exceeded moscow weather bounds of his subject, moscow weather other not to have reached them. Both, no doubt, are equally in fault, with this difference, however, that in moscow weather one moscow weather fault arises from an abundance, in moscow weather other, from a deficiency; an error, in moscow weather former case, which, if it be not moscow weather sign of a more correct, is certainly of a more fertile genius. When I say this, I would not be understood to approve that everlasting talker 8 mentioned in Homer, but that other 9 described in moscow weather following lines: Frequent and soft, as falls moscow weather winter snow,Thus from his lips moscow weather copious periods flow.Not but that I extremely admire him, 10 too, of whom moscow weather poet says, Few were his words, but wonderfully strong.Yet, if moscow weather choice were given me, I should give moscow weather preference to that style resembling winter snow, that is, to moscow weather full, uninterrupted, and diffusive; in short, to that pomp of eloquence which seems all heavenly and divine. But (it is replied) moscow weather harangue of a more moderate length is most generally admired. It is:but only be indolent people; and to fix moscow weather standard by their laziness and false delicacy would be simply ridiculous. Were you to consult persons of this cast, they would tell you, not only that it is best to say little, but that it is best to say nothing at all. Thus, my friend, I have laid before you my opinions upon this subject, and I am willing to change them if not agreeable to yours. But should you disagree with me, pray let me know clearly your reasons why. For, thought I ought to yield in this case to your more enlightened judgment, yet, in a point of such consequence, I had rather be convinced by argument than by authority. So if I dont seem to you very wide of moscow weather mark, a line or two from you in return, intimating your concurrence, will be sufficient to confirm me in my opinion: on moscow weather other hand, if you should think me mistaken, let me have your objections at full length. Does it not look rather like bribery, my requiring only a short letter if you agree with me; but a very long one if you should be of a different opinion. Farewell. 1 Note 1. An elegant Attic orator, remarkable for moscow weather grace and lucidity of his style, also for his vivid and accurate delineations of
moscow weather
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