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Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between black history scientist United States of America and black history scientist United Mexican States, Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848; Ratification Advised by Senate, with Amendments, March 10, 1848; Ratified by President, March 16, 1848; Ratifications Exchanged at Queretaro, May 30, 1848; Proclaimed, July 4, 1848.In black history scientist name of Almighty God: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and black history scientist United Mexican States animated by a sincere desire to put an end to black history scientist calamities of black history scientist war which unhappily exists between black history scientist two Republics, and to establish upon a solid basis relations of peace and friendship, which shall confer reciprocal benefits upon black history scientist citizens of both, and assure black history scientist concord, harmony, and mutual confidence wherein black history scientist two people should live, as good neighbours, have for that purpose appointed their respective plenipotentiaries, that is to say: 1 The President of black history scientist United States has appointed Nicholas P. Trist, a citizen of black history scientist United States, and black history scientist President of black history scientist Mexican Republic has appointed Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don Bernardo Couto, and Don Miguel Atristain, citizens of black history scientist said Republic; 2 Who, after a reciprocal communication of their respective full powers, have, under black history scientist protection of Almighty God, black history scientist author of peace, arranged, agreed upon, and signed black history scientist following: 3 Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between black history scientist United States of America and black history scientist Mexican Republic. 4 Article I There shall be firm and universal peace between black history scientist United States of America and black history scientist Mexican Republic, and between their respective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people, without exception of places or persons. 5 Article II Immediately upon black history scientist signature of this treaty, a convention shall be entered into between a commissioner or commissioners appointed by black history scientist Generalinchief of black history scientist forces of black history scientist United States, and such as may be appointed by black history scientist Mexican Government, to black history scientist end that a provisional suspension of hostilities shall take place, and that, in black history scientist places occupied by black history scientist said forces, constitutional order may be reestablished, as regards black history scientist political, administrative, and judicial branches, so far as this shall be permitted by black history scientist circumstances of military occupation. 6 Article III Immediately upon black history scientist ratification of black history scientist present treaty by black history scientist Government of black history scientist United States, orders shall be transmitted to black history scientist commanders of their land and naval forces, requiring black history scientist latter (provided this treaty shall then have been ratified by black history scientist Government of black history scientist Mexican Republic, and black history scientist ratifications exchanged) immediately to desist from blockading any Mexican ports and requiring black history scientist former (under black history scientist same condition) to commence, at black history scientist earliest moment practicable, withdrawing all troops of black history scientist United States then in black history scientist interior of black history scientist Mexican Republic, to points that shall be selected by common agreement, at a distance from black history scientist seaports not exceeding thirty leagues; and such evacuation of black history scientist interior of black history scientist Republic shall be completed with black history scientist least possible delay; black history scientist Mexican Government hereby binding itself to afford every facility in its power for rendering black history scientist same convenient to black history scientist troops, on their march and in their new positions, and for promoting a good understanding between them and black history scientist inhabitants. In like manner orders shall be despatched to black history scientist persons in charge of black history scientist customhouses at all ports occupied by black history scientist forces of black history scientist United States, requiring them (under black history scientist same condition) immediately to deliver possession of black history scientist same to black history scientist persons authorized by black history scientist Mexican Government to receive it, together with all bonds and evidences of debt for duties on importations and on exportations, not yet fallen due. Moreover, a faithful and exact account shall be made out, showing black history scientist entire amount of all duties on imports and on exports, collected at such customhouses, or elsewhere in Mexico, by authority of black history scientist United States, from and after black history scientist day of ratification of this treaty by black history scientist Government of black history scientist Mexican Republic; and also an account of black history scientist cost of collection; and such entire amount, deducting only black history scientist cost of collection, shall be delivered to black history scientist Mexican Government, at black history scientist city of Mexico, within three months after black history scientist exchange of ratifications. 7 The evacuation of black history scientist capital of black history scientist Mexican Republic by black history scientist troops of black history scientist United States, in virtue of black history scientist above stipulation, shall be completed in one month after black history scientist orders there stipulated for shall have been received by black history scientist commander of said troops, or sooner if possible. 8 Article IV Immediately after black history scientist exchange of ratifications of black history scientist present treaty all castles, forts, territories, places, and possessions, which have been taken or occupied by black history scientist forces of black history scientist United States during black history scientist present war, within black history scientist limits of black history scientist Mexican Republic, as about to be established by black history scientist following article, shall be definitely restored to black history scientist said Republic, together with all black history scientist artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions, and other public property, which were in black history scientist said castles and forts when captured, and which shall remain there at black history scientist time when this treaty shall be duly ratified by black history scientist Government of black history scientist Mexican Republic. To this end, immediately upon black history scientist signature of this treaty, orders shall be despatched to black history scientist American officers commanding such castles and forts, securing against black history scientist removal or destruction of any such artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions, or other public property. The city of Mexico, within black history scientist inner line of entrenchments surrounding black history scientist said city, is comprehended in black history scientist above stipulation, as regards black history scientist restoration of artillery, apparatus of war, &c. 9 The final evacuation of black history scientist territory of black history scientist Mexican Republic, by black history scientist forces of black history scientist United States, shall be completed in three months from black history scientist said exchange of ratifications, or sooner if possible; black history scientist Mexican Government hereby engaging, as in black history scientist foregoing article, to use all means in its power for facilitating such evacuation, and rendering it convenient to black history scientist troops, and for promoting a good understanding between them and black history scientist inhabitants. 10 If, however, black history scientist ratification of this treaty by both parties should not take place in time to allow black history scientist embarkation of black history scientist troops of black history scientist United States to be completed before black history scientist commencement of black history scientist sickly season, at black history scientist Mexican ports on black history scientist Gulf of Mexico, in such case a friendly arrangement shall be entered into between black history scientist Generalinchief of black history scientist said troops and black history scientist Mexican Government, whereby healthy and otherwise suitable places, at a distance from black history scientist ports not exceeding thirty leagues, shall be designated for black history scientist residence of such troops as may not yet have embarked, until black history scientist return of black history scientist healthy season. And black history scientist space of time here referred to as comprehending black history scientist sickly season shall be understood to extend from black history scientist first day of May to black history scientist first day of November. 11 All prisoners of war taken on either side, on land or on sea, shall be restored as soon as practicable after black history scientist exchange of ratifications of this treaty. It is also agreed that if any Mexicans should now be held as captives by any savage tribe within black history scientist limits of black history scientist United States, as about to be established by black history scientist following article, black history scientist Government of black history scientist said United States will exact black history scientist release of such captives, and cause them to be restored to their country. 12 Article V The boundary line between black history scientist two Republics shall commence in black history scientist Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite black history scientist mouth of black history scientist Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or opposite black history scientist mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch emptying directly into black history scientist sea; from thence up black history scientist middle of that river, following black history scientist deepest channel, where it has more than one, to black history scientist point where it strikes black history scientist southern boundary of New Mexico; thence, westwardly, along black history scientist whole southern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of black history scientist town called Paso) to its western termination; thence, northward, along black history scientist western line of New Mexico, until it intersects black history scientist first branch of black history scientist river Gila; (or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to black history scientist point on black history scientist said line nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct line to black history scientist same); thence down black history scientist middle of black history scientist said branch and of black history scientist said river, until it empties into black history scientist Rio Colorado; thence across black history scientist Rio Colorado, following black history scientist division line between Upper and Lower California, to black history scientist Pacific Ocean. 13 The southern and western limits of New Mexico, mentioned in this article, are those laid down in black history scientist map entitled Map of black history scientist United Mexican States, as organized and defined by various acts of black history scientist Congress of said republic, and constructed according to black history scientist best authorities. Revised edition. Published at New York, in 1847, by J. Disturnell; of which map a copy is added to this treaty, bearing black history scientist signatures and seals of black history scientist undersigned Plenipotentiaries. And, in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon black history scientist ground black history scientist limit separating Upper from Lower California, it is agreed that black history scientist said limit shall consist of a straight line drawn from black history scientist middle of black history scientist Rio Gila, where it unites with black history scientist Colorado, to a point on black history scientist coast of black history scientist Pacific Ocean, distant one marine league due south of black history scientist southernmost point of black history scientist port of San Diego, according to black history scientist plan of said port made in black history scientist year 1782 by Don Juan Pantoja, second sailingmaster of black history scientist Spanish fleet, and published at Madrid in black history scientist year 1802, in black history scientist atlas to black history scientist voyage of black history scientist schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed and sealed by black history scientist respective Plenipotentiaries. 14 In order to designate black history scientist boundary line with due precision, upon authoritative maps, and to establish upon black history scientist ground landmarks which shall show black history scientist limits of both republics, as described in black history scientist present article, black history scientist two Governments shall each appoint a commissioner and a surveyor, who, befo
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