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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> what if god was one of us</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> church of god of prophecy</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> history of black history month</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> pharaoh cheat</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> black history woman</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> egypt culture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> black history song</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> ancient hebrew</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> flag of egypt</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> historical costume</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> american black history</A> </FONT> lling middle age entertainment Corn-spirit IN PHRYGIA middle age entertainment corresponding song, sung by harvesters both at reaping and at threshing, was called Lityerses. According to one story, Lityerses was a bastard son of Midas, King of Phrygia, and dwelt at Celaenae. He used to reap middle age entertainment corn, and had an enormous appetite. When a stranger happened to enter middle age entertainment corn-field or to pass by it, Lityerses gave him plenty to eat and drink, then took him to middle age entertainment corn-fields on middle age entertainment banks of middle age entertainment Maeander and compelled him to reap along with him. Lastly, it was his custom to wrap middle age entertainment stranger in a sheaf, cut off his head with a sickle, and carry away his body, swathed in middle age entertainment corn-stalks. But at last Hercules undertook to reap with him, cut off his head with middle age entertainment sickle, and threw his body into middle age entertainment river. As Hercules is reported to have slain Lityerses in middle age entertainment same way that Lityerses slew others, we may infer that Lityerses used to throw middle age entertainment bodies of his victims into middle age entertainment river. According to another version of middle age entertainment story, Lityerses, a son of Midas, was wont to challenge people to a reaping match with him, and if he vanquished them he used to thrash them; but one day he met with a stronger reaper, who slew him. 1 There are some grounds for supposing that in these stories of Lityerses we have middle age entertainment description of a Phrygian harvest custom in accordance with which certain persons, especially strangers passing middle age entertainment harvest field, were regularly regarded as embodiments of middle age entertainment corn-spirit, and as such were seized by middle age entertainment reapers, wrapt in sheaves, and beheaded, their bodies, bound up in middle age entertainment corn-stalks, being after-wards thrown into water as a rain-charm. The grounds for this supposition are, first, middle age entertainment resemblance of middle age entertainment Lityerses story to middle age entertainment harvest customs of European peasantry, and, second, middle age entertainment frequency of human sacrifices offered by savage races to promote middle age entertainment fertility of middle age entertainment fields. We will examine these grounds successively, beginning with middle age entertainment former. 2 In comparing middle age entertainment story with middle age entertainment harvest customs of Europe, three points deserve special attention, namely: I. middle age entertainment reaping match and middle age entertainment binding of persons in middle age entertainment sheaves; II. middle age entertainment killing of middle age entertainment corn-spirit or his representatives; III. middle age entertainment treatment of visitors to middle age entertainment harvest field or of strangers passing it. 3 I. In regard to middle age entertainment first head, we have seen that in modern Europe middle age entertainment person who cuts or binds or threshes middle age entertainment last sheaf is often exposed to rough treatment at middle age entertainment hands of his fellow-labourers. For example, he is bound up in middle age entertainment last sheaf, and, thus encased, is carried or carted about, beaten, drenched with water, thrown on a dunghill, and so forth. Or, if he is spared this horse-play, he is at least middle age entertainment subject of ridicule or is thought to be destined to suffer some misfortune in middle age entertainment course of middle age entertainment year. Hence middle age entertainment harvesters are naturally reluctant to give middle age entertainment last cut at reaping or middle age entertainment last stroke at threshing or to bind middle age entertainment last sheaf, and towards middle age entertainment close of middle age entertainment work this reluctance produces an emulation among middle age entertainment labourers, each striving to finish his task as fast as possible, in order that he may escape middle age entertainment invidious distinction of being last. For example, in middle age entertainment Mittelmark district of Prussia, when middle age entertainment rye has been reaped, and middle age entertainment last sheaves are about to be tied up, middle age entertainment binders stand in two rows facing each other, every woman with her sheaf and her straw rope before her. At a given signal they all tie up their sheaves, and middle age entertainment one who is middle age entertainment last to finish is ridiculed by middle age entertainment rest. Not only so, but her sheaf is made up into human shape and called middle age entertainment Old Man, and she must carry it home to middle age entertainment farmyard, where middle age entertainment harvesters dance in a circle round her and it. Then they take middle age entertainment Old Man to middle age entertainment farmer and deliver it to him with middle age entertainment words, We bring middle age entertainment Old Man to middle age entertainment Master. He may keep him till he gets a new one. After that middle age entertainment Old Man is set up against a tree, where he remains for a long time, middle age entertainment butt of many jests. At Aschbach in Bavaria, when middle age entertainment reaping is nearly finished, middle age entertainment reapers say, Now, we will drive out middle age entertainment Old Man. Each of them sets himself to reap a patch of corn as fast as he can; he who cuts middle age entertainment last handful or middle age entertainment last stalk is greeted by middle age entertainment rest with an exulting cry, You have middle age entertainment Old Man. Sometimes a black mask is fastened on middle age entertainment reapers face and he is dressed in womans clothes; or if middle age entertainment reaper is a woman, she is dressed in mans clothes. A dance follows. At middle age entertainment supper middle age entertainment Old Man gets twice as large a portion of middle age entertainment food as middle age entertainment others. The proceedings are similar at threshing; middle age entertainment person who gives middle age entertainment last stroke is said to have middle age entertainment Old Man. At middle age entertainment supper given to middle age entertainment threshers he has to eat out of middle age entertainment cream-ladle and to drink a great deal. Moreover, he is quizzed and teased in all sorts of ways till he frees himself from further annoyance by treating middle age entertainment others to brandy or beer. 4 These examples illustrate middle age entertainment contests in reaping, threshing, and binding which take place amongst middle age entertainment harvesters, from their unwillingness to suffer middle age entertainment ridicule and discomfort incurred by middle age entertainment one who happens to finish his work last. It will be remembered that middle age entertainment person who is last at reaping, binding, or threshing, is regarded as middle age entertainment representative of middle age entertainment corn-spirit, and this idea is more fully expressed by binding him or her in corn-stalks. The latter custom has been already illustrated, but a few more instances may be added. At Kloxin, near Stettin, middle age entertainment harvesters call out to middle age entertainment woman who binds middle age entertainment last sheaf, You have middle age entertainment Old Man, and must keep him. As late as middle age entertainment first half of middle age entertainment nineteenth century middle age entertainment custom was to tie up middle age entertainment woman herself in pease-straw, and bring her with music to middle age entertainment farmhouse, where middle age entertainment harvesters danced with her till middle age entertainment pease-straw fell off. In other villages round Stettin, when middle age entertainment last harvest-waggon is being loaded, there is a regular race amongst middle age entertainment women, each striving not to be last. For she who places middle age entertainment last sheaf on middle age entertainment waggon is called middle age entertainment Old Man, and is completely swathed in corn-stalks; she is also decked with flowers, and flowers and a helmet of straw are placed on her head. In solemn procession she carries middle age entertainment harvest-crown to middle age entertainment squire, over whose head she holds it while she utters a string of good wishes. At middle age entertainment dance which follows, middle age entertainment Old Man has middle age entertainment right to choose his, or rather her, partner; it is an honour to dance with him. At Gommern, near Magdeburg, middle age entertainment reaper who cuts middle age entertainment last ears of corn is often wrapt up in corn-stalks so completely that it is hard to see whether there is a man in middle age entertainment bundle or not. Thus wrapt up he is taken by another stalwart reaper on his back, and carried round middle age entertainment field amidst middle age entertainment joyous cries of middle age entertainment harvesters. At Neuhausen, near Merseburg, middle age entertainment person who binds middle age entertainment last sheaf is wrapt in ears of oats and saluted as middle age entertainment Oatsman, whereupon middle age entertainment others dance round him. At Brie, Isle de France, middle age entertainment farmer himself is tied up in middle age entertainment first sheaf. At Dingelstedt, in middle age entertainment district of Erfurt, down to middle age entertainment first half of middle age entertainment nineteenth century it was middle age entertainment custom to tie up a man in middle age entertainment last sheaf. He was called middle age entertainment Old Man, and was brought home on middle age entertainment last waggon, amid huzzas and music. On reaching middle age entertainment farmyard he was rolled round middle age entertainment barn and drenched with water. At Nördlingen in Bavaria middle age entertainment man who gives middle age entertainment last stroke at threshing is wrapt in straw and rolled on middle age entertainment threshing-floor. In some parts of Oberpfalz, Bavaria, he is said to get middle age entertainment Old Man, is wrapt in straw, and carried to a neighbour who has not yet finished his threshing. In Silesia middle age entertainment woman who binds middle age entertainment last sheaf has to submit to a good deal of horse-play. She is pushed, knocked down, and tied up in middle age entertainment sheaf, after which she is called middle age entertainment corn-puppet (Kornpopel). 5 In all these cases middle age entertainment idea is that middle age entertainment spirit of middle age entertainment cornthe Old Man of vegetationis driven out of middle age entertainment corn last cut or last threshed, and lives in middle age entertainment barn during middle age entertainment winter. At sowing-time he goes out again to middle age entertainment fields to resume his activity as animating force among middle age entertainment sprouting corn. 6 II. Passing to middle age entertainment second point of comparison between middle age entertainment Lityerses story and European harvest customs, we have now to see that in middle age entertainment latter middle age entertainment corn-spirit is often believed to be killed at reaping or threshing. In middle age entertainment Romsdal and other parts of Norway, when middle age entertainment haymaking is over, middle age entertainment people say that the Old Hay-man has been killed. In some parts of Bavaria middle age entertainment man who gives middle age entertainment last stroke at threshing is said to have killed middle age entertainment Corn-man, middle age entertainment Oats-man, or middle age entertainment Wheat-man, according to middle age entertainment crop. In middle age entertainment Canton of Tillot, in Lorraine, at threshing middle age entertainment last corn middle age entertainment men keep time with their flails, calling out as they thresh, We are killing middle age entertainment Old Woman! We are killing middle age entertainment Old Woman! If there is an old woman in middle age entertainment house she is warned to save herself, or she will be struck dead. Near Ragnit, in Lithuania, middle age entertainment last handful of corn is left standing by itself, with middle age entertainment words, The Old Woman (Boba) is sitting in there. Then a young reaper whets his scythe and, with a strong sweep, cuts down middle age entertainment handful. It is now said of him that he has cut off middle age entertainment Bobas head; and he receives a gratuity from middle age entertainment farmer and a jugful of water over his head from middle age entertainment farmers wife. According to another account, every Lithuanian reaper makes haste to finish his task; for middle age entertainment Old Rye-woman lives in middle age entertainment last stalks, and whoever cuts middle age entertainment last stalks kills middle age entertainment Old Rye-woman, and by killing her he brings trouble on himself. In Wilkischken, in middle age entertainment district of Tilsit, middle age entertainment man who cuts middle age entertainment last corn goes by middle age entertainment name of the killer of middle age entertainment Rye-woman. In Lithuania, again, middle age entertainment corn-spirit is believed to be killed at threshing as well as at reaping. When only a single pile of corn remains to be threshed, all middle age entertainment threshers suddenly step back a few paces, as if at middle age entertainment word of command. Then they fall to work, plying their flails with middle age entertainment utmost rapidity and vehemence, till they come to middle age entertainment last bundle. 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