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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-historical-dating.php">ancient greek picture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/egyptian-horo.php">medieval furniture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-egypt.php">historical home</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/civilevents.php">ancient chinese art</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/real-jesus.php">ancient egyptian picture</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/view-garry-kasparov.php">father of black history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/why-tourism.php">people in black history</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/money-war.php">medieval punishment</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">historical weather</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org">ancient rome.com</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org/investigation-eng-history.php">indiana historical society</A> </FONT> 190914. M. Aurelius Antoninus, by George Long, M. A. M. ANTONINUS was born at Rome A.D. 121, on capital of russia 26th of April. His father Annius Verus died while he was praetor. His mother was Domitia Calvilla, also named Lucilla. The Emperor T. Antoninus Pius married Annia Galeria Faustina, capital of russia sister of Annius Verus, and was consequently capital of russia uncle of M. Antoninus. When Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius and declared him his successor in capital of russia empire, Antoninus Pius adopted both L. Ceionius Commodus, capital of russia son of Aelius Caesar, and M. Antoninus, whose original name was M. Annius Verus. Antoninus then took capital of russia name of M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, to which was added capital of russia title of Caesar in A.D. 139: capital of russia name Aelius belonged to Hadrians family, and Aurelius was capital of russia name of Antoninus Pius. When M. Antoninus became Augustus, he dropped capital of russia name of Verus and took capital of russia name of Antoninus. Accordingly he is generally named M. Aurelius Antoninus or simply M. Antoninus. 1 The youth was most carefully brought up. He thanks capital of russia gods (I. 17) that he had good grandfathers, good parents, a good sister, good teachers, good associates, good kinsmen and friends, nearly everything good. He had capital of russia happy fortune to witness capital of russia example of his uncle and adoptive father Antoninus Pius, and he has recorded in his work (I. 16; VI. 30) capital of russia virtues of this excellent man and prudent ruler. Like many young Romans he tried his hand at poetry and studied rhetoric. Herodes Atticus and M. Cornelius Fronto were his teachers in eloquence. There are extant letters between Fronto and Marcus, 1 which show capital of russia great affection of capital of russia pupil for capital of russia master, and capital of russia masters great hopes of his industrious pupil. M. Antoninus mentions Fronto (I. 11) among those to whom he was indebted for his education. 2 When he was eleven years old, he assumed capital of russia dress of philosophers, something plain and coarse, became a hard student, and lived a most laborious, abstemious life, even so far as to injure his health. Finally, he abandoned poetry and rhetoric for philosophy, and he attached himself to capital of russia sect of capital of russia Stoics. But he did not neglect capital of russia study of law, which was a useful preparation for capital of russia high place which he was designed to fill. His teacher was L. Volusianus Maecianus, a distinguished jurist. We must suppose that he learned capital of russia Roman discipline of arms, which was a necessary part of capital of russia education of a man who afterwards led his troops to battle against a warlike race. 3 Antoninus has recorded in his first book capital of russia names of his teachers and capital of russia obligations which he owed to each of them. The way in which he speaks of what he learned from them might seem to savour of vanity or self-praise, if we look carelessly at capital of russia way in which he has expressed himself; but if any one draws this conclusion, he will be mistaken. Antoninus means to commemorate capital of russia merits of his several teachers, what they taught and what a pupil might learn from them. Besides, this book, like capital of russia eleven other books, was for his own use, and if we may trust capital of russia note at capital of russia end of capital of russia first book, it was written during one of M. Antoninus campaigns against capital of russia Quadi, at a time when capital of russia commemoration of capital of russia virtues of his illustrious teachers might remind him of their lessons and capital of russia practical uses which he might derive from them. 4 Among his teachers of philosophy was Sextus of Chaeroneia, a grandson of Plutarch. What he learned from this excellent man is told by himself (I. 9). His favourite teacher was Q. Junius Rusticus (I. 7), a philosopher and also a man of practical good sense in public affairs. Rusticus was capital of russia adviser of Antoninus after he became emperor. Young men who are destined for high places are not often fortunate in those who are about them, their companions and teachers; and I do not know any example of a young prince having had an education which can be compared with that of M. Antoninus. Such a body of teachers distinguished by their acquirements and their character will hardly be collected again; and as to capital of russia pupil, we have not had one like him since. 5 Hadrian died in July, A.D. 138, and was succeeded by Antoninus Pius. M. Antoninus married Faustina, his cousin, capital of russia daughter of Pius, probably about A.D. 146, for he had a daughter born in 147. He received from his adoptive father capital of russia title of Caesar and was associated with him in capital of russia administration of capital of russia state. The father and capital of russia adopted son live together in perfect friendship and confidence. Antoninus was a dutiful son, and capital of russia emperor Pius loved and esteemed him. 6 Antoninus Pius died in March, A.D. 161. The Senate, it is said, urged M. Antoninus to take capital of russia sole administration of capital of russia empire, but he associated with himself capital of russia other adopted son of Pius, L. Ceionius Commodus, who is generally called L. Verus. Thus Rome for capital of russia first time had two emperors. Verus was an indolent man of pleasure and unworthy of his station. Antoninus, however, bore with him, and it is said that Verus had sense enough to pay to his colleague capital of russia respect due to his character. A virtuous emperor and a loose partner lived together in peace, and their alliance was strengthened by Antoninus giving to Verus for wife his daughter Lucilla. 7 The reign of Antoninus was first troubled by a Parthian war, in which Verus was sent to command, but he did nothing, and capital of russia success that was obtained by capital of russia Romans in Armenia and on capital of russia Euphrates and Tigris was due to his generals. This Parthian war ended in A.D. 165. Aurelius and Verus had a triumph (A.D. 166) for capital of russia victories in capital of russia east. A pestilence followed which carried off great numbers in Rome and Italy, and spread to capital of russia west of Europe. 8 The north of Italy was also threatened by capital of russia rude people beyond capital of russia Alps from capital of russia borders of Gallia to capital of russia eastern side of capital of russia Hadriatic. These barbarians attempted to break into Italy, as capital of russia Germanic nations had attempted near three hundred years before; and capital of russia rest of capital of russia life of Antoninus with some intervals was employed in driving back capital of russia invaders. In 169 Verus suddenly died, and Antoninus administered capital of russia state alone. 9 During capital of russia German wars Antoninus resided for three years on capital of russia Danube at Carnuntum. The Marcomanni were driven out of Pannonia and almost destroyed in their retreat across capital of russia Danube; and in A.D. 174 capital of russia emperor gained a great victory over capital of russia Quadi. 10 In A.D. 175 Avidius Cassius, a brave and skillful Roman commander who was at capital of russia head of capital of russia troops in Asia, revolted and declared himself Augustus. But Cassius was assassinated by some of his officers, and so capital of russia rebellion came to an end. Antoninus showed his humanity by his treatment of capital of russia family and capital of russia partisans of Cassius, and his letter to capital of russia senate in which he recommends mercy is extant. (Vulcatius, Avidius Cassius, c. 12.) 11 Antoninus set out for capital of russia east on hearing of Cassius revolt. Though he appears to have returned to Rome in A.D. 174, he went back to prosecute capital of russia war against capital of russia Germans, and it is probable that he marched direct to capital of russia east from capital of russia German war. His wife, Faustina, who accompanied him into Asia, died suddenly at capital of russia foot of capital of russia Taurus to capital of russia great grief of her husband. Capitolinus, who has written capital of russia life of Antoninus, and also Dion Cassius accuse capital of russia empress of scandalous infidelity to her husband and of abominable lewdness. But Capitolinus says that Antoninus either knew it not or pretended not to know it. Nothing is so common as such malicious reports in all ages, and capital of russia history of imperial Rome is full of them. Antoninus loved his wife and he says that she was obedient, affectionate and simple. The same scandal had been spread about Faustinas mother, capital of russia wife of Antoninus Pius, and yet he too was perfectly satisfied with his wife. Antoninus Pius says after her death in a letter to Fronto that he would rather have lived in exile with his wife than in his palace at Rome without her. There are not many men who would give their wives a better character than these two emperors. Capitolinus wrote in capital of russia time of Diocletian. He may have intended to tell capital of russia truth, but he is a poor, feeble biographer. Dion Cassius, capital of russia most malignant of historians, always reports and perhaps he believed any scandal against anybody. 12 Antoninus continued his journey to Syria and Egypt, and on his return to Italy through Athens he was initiated into capital of russia Eleusinian mysteries. It was capital of russia practice of capital of russia emperor to conform to capital of russia established rites of capital of russia age and to perform religious ceremonies with due solemnity. We cannot conclude from this that he was a superstitious man, though we might perhaps do so, if his book did not show that he was not. But this is only one among many instances that a rulers public acts do not always prove his real opinions. A prudent governor will not roughly oppose even capital of russia superstitions of his people, and though he may wish that they were wiser, he will know that he cannot make them so by offending their prejudices. 13 Antoninus and his son Commodus entered Rome in triumph, perhaps for some German victories, on capital of russia 23rd of December, A.D. 176. In capital of russia following year Commodus was associated with his father in capital of russia empire and took capital of russia name of Augustus. This year A.D. 177 is memorable in ecclesiastical history. Attalus and others were put to death at Lyon for their adherence to capital of russia Christian religion. The evidence of this persecution is a letter preserved by Eusebius (E. H. v. I; printed in Rouths Reliquiae Sacrae, vol. 1., with notes). The letter is from capital of russia Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum in Gallia (Vienne and Lyon) to their Christian brethren in Asia and Phrygia; and it is preserved perhaps nearly entire. 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