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<FONT> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> catholic bible</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> the middle age</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> pop disaster tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> china tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> bible game</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> globus tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval food</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> bike tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> vacation bible school</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> ireland tour</A> <A href="http://www.new-tradition.org"> medieval sword</A> </FONT> Of medieval era True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates THE SPEECH of Themistocles medieval era Athenian, which was haughty and arrogant in taking so much to himself, had been a grave and wise observation and censure, applied at large to others. Desired at a feast to touch a lute, he said, He could not fiddle, but yet he could make a small town a great city. These words (holpen a little with a metaphor) may express two differing abilities in those that deal in business of estate. For if a true survey be taken of counsellors and statesmen, there may be found (though rarely) those which can make a small state great, and yet cannot fiddle; as on medieval era other side, there will be found a great many that can fiddle very cunningly, but yet are so far from being able to make a small state great, as their gift lieth medieval era other way; to bring a great and flourishing estate to ruin and decay. And certainly those degenerate arts and shifts, whereby many counsellors and governors gain both favor with their masters and estimation with medieval era vulgar, deserve no better name than fiddling; being things rather pleasing for medieval era time, and graceful to themselves only, than tending to medieval era weal and advancement of medieval era state which they serve. There are also (no doubt) counsellors and governors which may be held sufficient (negotiis pares [equals in business]), able to manage affairs, and to keep them from precipices and manifest inconveniences; which nevertheless are far from medieval era ability to raise and amplify an estate in power, means, and fortune. But be medieval era workmen what they may be, let us speak of medieval era work; that is, medieval era true greatness of kingdoms and estates, and medieval era means thereof. An argument fit for great and mighty princes to have in their hand; to medieval era end that neither by over-measuring their forces, they leese 1 themselves in vain enterprises; nor on medieval era other side, by undervaluing them, they descend to fearful and pusillanimous counsels. 1 The greatness of an estate in bulk and territory doth fall under measure; and medieval era greatness of finances and revenue doth fall under computation. The population may appear by musters; and medieval era number and greatness of cities and towns by cards 2 and maps. But yet there is not any thing amongst civil affairs more subject to error than medieval era right valuation and true judgment concerning medieval era power and forces of an estate. The kingdom of heaven is compared, not to any great kernel or nut, but to a grain of mustard-seed: which is one of medieval era least grains, but hath in it a property and spirit hastily to get up and spread. So are there states great in territory, and yet not apt to enlarge or command; and some that have but a small dimension of stem, and yet apt to be medieval era foundations of great monarchies. 2 Walled towns, stored arsenals and armories, goodly races of horse, chariots of war, elephants, ordnance, artillery, and medieval era like; all this is but a sheep in a lions skin, except medieval era breed and disposition of medieval era people be stout and warlike. Nay, number (itself) in armies importeth not much, where medieval era people is of weak courage; for (as Virgil saith) It never troubles a wolf how many medieval era sheep be. The army of medieval era Persians in medieval era plains of Arbela was such a vast sea of people, as it did somewhat astonish medieval era commanders in Alexanders army; who came to him therefore, and wished him to set upon them by night; but he answered, He would not pilfer medieval era victory. And medieval era defeat was easy. When Tigranes medieval era Armenian, being encamped upon a hill with four hundred thousand men, discovered medieval era army of medieval era Romans, being not above fourteen thousand, marching towards him, he made himself merry with it, and said, Yonder men are too many for an embassage, and too few for a fight. But before medieval era sun set, he found them enow to give him medieval era chase with infinite slaughter. Many are medieval era examples of medieval era great odds between number and courage; so that a man may truly make a judgment, that medieval era principal point of greatness in any state is to have a race of military men. Neither is money medieval era sinews of war (as it is trivially 3 said), where medieval era sinews of mens arms, in base and effeminate people, are failing. For Solon said well to Croesus (when in ostentation he showed him his gold), Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you, he will be master of all this gold. Therefore let any prince or state think soberly of his forces, except his militia of natives be of good and valiant soldiers. And let princes, on medieval era other side, that have subjects of martial disposition, know their own strength; unless they be otherwise wanting unto themselves. As for mercenary forces (which is medieval era help in this case), all examples show that whatsoever estate or prince doth rest upon them, he may spread his feathers for a time, but he will mew them soon after. 3 The blessing of Judah and Issachar will never meet; that medieval era same people or nation should be both medieval era lions whelp and medieval era ass between burthens; neither will it be, that a people overlaid with taxes should ever become valiant and martial. It is true that taxes levied by consent of medieval era estate do abate mens courage less: as it hath been seen notably in medieval era excises of medieval era Low Countries; and, in some degree, in medieval era subsidies of England. For you must note that we speak now of medieval era heart and not of medieval era purse. So that although medieval era same tribute and tax, laid by consent or by imposing, be all one to medieval era purse, yet it works diversely upon medieval era courage. So that you may conclude, that no people overcharged with tribute is fit for empire. 4 Let states that aim at greatness take heed how their nobility and gentlemen do multiply too fast. For that maketh medieval era common subject grow to be a peasant and base swain, driven out of heart, and in effect but medieval era gentlemans laborer. Even as you may see in coppice woods; if you leave your staddles 4 too thick, you shall never have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes. So in countries, if medieval era gentlemen be too many, medieval era commons will be base; and you will bring it to that, that not medieval era hundred poll 5 will be fit for an helmet; especially as to medieval era infantry, which is medieval era nerve 6 of an army; and so there will be great population and little strength. This which I speak of hath been nowhere better seen than by comparing of England and France; whereof England, though far less in territory and population, hath been (nevertheless) an over-match; in regard medieval era middle people of England make good soldiers, which medieval era peasants of France do not. And herein medieval era device of king Henry medieval era Seventh (whereof I have spoken largely in medieval era History of his Life) was profound and admirable; in making farms and houses of husbandry of a standard; that is, maintained with such a proportion of land unto them, as may breed a subject to live in convenient plenty and no servile condition; and to keep medieval era plough in medieval era hands of medieval era owners, and not mere hirelings. And thus indeed you shall attain to Virgils character which he gives to ancient Italy: Terra potens armis atque ubere glebæ.[A land powerful in arms and in productiveness of soil.] Neither is that state (which, for any thing I know, is almost peculiar to England, and hardly to be found anywhere else, except it be perhaps in Poland) to be passed over; I mean medieval era state of free servants and attendants upon noblemen and gentlemen; which are no ways inferior unto medieval era yeomanry for arms. And therefore out of all question, medieval era splendor and magnificence and great retinues and hospitality of noblemen and gentlemen, received into custom, doth much conduce unto martial greatness. Whereas, contrariwise, medieval era close and reserved living of noblemen and gentlemen causeth a penury of military forces. 5 By all means it is to be procured, that medieval era trunk of Nebuchadnezzars tree 7 of monarchy be great enough to bear medieval era branches and medieval era boughs; that is, that medieval era natural subjects of medieval era crown or state bear a sufficient proportion to medieval era stranger subjects that they govern. Therefore all states that are liberal of naturalization towards strangers are fit for empire. For to think that an handful of people can, with medieval era greatest courage and policy in medieval era world, embrace too large extent of dominion, it may hold for a time, but it will fail suddenly. The Spartans were a nice 8 people in point of naturalization; whereby, while they kept their compass, they stood firm; but when they did spread, and their boughs were becomen too great for their stem, they became a windfall upon medieval era sudden. Never any state was in this point soto receive strangers into their body as were medieval era Romans. Therefore it sorted with them accordingly; for they grew to medieval era greatest monarchy. Their manner was to grant naturalization (which they called jus civitatis [the right of citizenship]), and to grant it in medieval era highest degree; that is, not only jus commercii [the right to commercial trade], jus connubii [the right to intermarry], jus hæreditatis [the right of inheritance]; but also jus suffragii [the right of suffrage], and jus honorum [the right of holding office]. And this not to singular persons alone, but likewise to whole families; yea to cities, and sometimes to nations. Add to this their custom of plantation of colonies; whereby medieval era Roman plant was removed into medieval era soil of other nations. And putting both constitutions together, you will say that it was not medieval era Romans that spread upon medieval era world, but it was medieval era world that spread upon medieval era Romans; and that was medieval era sure way of greatness. I have marvelled sometimes at Spain, how they clasp and contain so large dominions with so few natural Spaniards; but sure medieval era whole compass of Spain is a very great body of a tree; far above Rome and Sparta at medieval era first. And besides, though they have not had that usage to naturalize liberally, yet they have that which is next to it; that is, to employ almost indifferently all nations in their militia of ordinary soldiers; yea and sometimes in their highest commands. 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